【作者】 张有胜；

【导师】 陈忠林；

【作者基本信息】 西南政法大学 ， 刑法学， 2003， 硕士

【摘要】 故意犯罪从犯意的形成至犯罪的既遂有一个发展的过程，在这个发展过程中，有一些根据事实人为设定的作为标志的点。在同一犯罪行为中，标志点前后的行为虽然是连续的，但是，标志点前后的行为却被人为地设定成有质的区别。行为由前一个标志点进入后一个标志点，被称为故意犯罪的发展。由此可见，故意犯罪的行为是连续的，当其超越人为设定的某一标志点时，就被赋予了质的差别，这便是故意犯罪中行为的发展规律，对这种行为的发展规律进行总结、提炼、抽象，刑法中便创建了故意犯罪的理论。根据这种理论，当故意犯罪中的行为在某个标志点前停顿下来，不能再继续——不管是基于行为自愿，还是行为人意志外因素的影响——这种停止了的故意犯罪行为处在某个犯罪阶段的状态，就被称作故意犯罪的形态。从目前的理论看，犯罪未遂是故意犯罪的形态之一，也是笔者在本文中研究的“标的”。 犯罪未遂制度是我国刑法的重要组成部分，对之进行理论上的比较研究，其价值是不言而喻的。世界各国的刑法均对犯罪未遂作出了规定。而且，各国均有自己关于犯罪未遂的理论，介绍、比较这些有关犯罪未遂的刑法及其理论中具有代表性的观点，其目的在于在更广阔的领域内，从不同的角度观察、审视我国刑法关于犯罪未遂的规定是否合乎世界刑法的发展趋势，以资在保留优势的同时，借鉴国外较好的一些做法。 本文从纵向和横向两个层面对犯罪未遂制度及理论进行了较为全面的考察。在接纳、吸收传统、经典观点的同时，也进行了批判并力图在犯罪未遂的核心问题如“处罚未遂犯的依据”、“着手”、“未得逞”以及“行为人意志以外的因素”的理解和认定上，用重新界定的罪过的概念，作为联结的“红线”，以期有所创新或者说为刑法学人提供批判的靶子。当然，在重点研究处罚未遂犯的依据和犯罪未遂的构成之余，笔者也顺带考察、评述了未遂犯的犯罪化过程，并针对我国刑法中规定的犯罪未遂，结合现有的关于犯罪未遂的理论，提出了一些改进性的建议。 本文分五个部分，全文约计74，000余汉字和1，000余英文。 第一部分是犯罪未遂综述，计约10，0叨余字。在本部分中，考察了犯罪未遂制度是启蒙时代以降，西方国家刑法的产物，后被传入东方、在全世界范围得到承认和运用。重点阐述了犯罪未遂制度的沿革和犯罪未遂的犯罪化模式及界定，将世界范围内关于犯罪未遂的规定分成了三类，即法国模式、德国模式和意大利模式，并论述了三种不同模式各自对犯罪未遂的界定，以及给出了关于犯罪未遂的特征，为后面的论述垫下了基础。 第二部分论述了处罚未遂犯的依据，从理论和法律规定两个层面回答了第一部分提出的犯罪未遂产生的根基问题，即为什么要处罚未遂犯。一般说来，.对未遂犯进行处罚，是世界各国自近代以来的通例。然而，在犯罪未遂的场合，是没有发生侵害刑法所保护的客体的具体结果的，凭什么处罚未遂犯呢?这便是处罚未遂犯的依据的理论的具体内容了。对此，刑法学说上曾有大规模的论争，不同的法学流派，给出了不同的理论解释。本部分约有23，O的余字，重在考察主观罪过和处罚未遂犯的理论依据的关系以及处罚未遂犯的法律依据何在，提出了全面理解主观罪过的基础上讨论未遂犯的依据问题。 第三部分是对犯罪未遂的“着手”进行的比较研究。从关于“着手”的主观说、客观说和折衷说全面展开，用了20，O叨余字论述、评价并提出了理解和认定着手的观点。在分析了现有的关于着手的理论之后，笔者也发现，这些学说在理论上均受到过非议。那么能不能在现有关于着手的理论之上，进行一些重构或者建构呢?笔者认为是可以作出相应的努力的，至少可以提供从另外的角度思考着手的思路。笔者考虑的关干着手的理论是一种具有弹性的构想，即以实质的客观说制约着手认定的上限，以形式的客观说缓和着手认定的下限。而且也将处罚未遂犯的依据即重新理解意义上的罪过与着手的密切联系纳入了本部分的论述之中。 第四部分探讨了刑法中的“未得逞”问题，计有10，叨O余字。笔者认为，“犯罪未得逞”与国外刑法中常见的“未遂”、“不遂”、“犯罪未完成’，、“结果未发生”或者“犯罪行为未完成”一样，所起的作用是区别犯罪未遂与犯罪既遂，就如长方形、正方形、圆形或者三角形的界碑，尽管形状不一样，但作为区别一月咦页域与另一个领域的标志，本质上是相同的。因此，“犯罪未得逞”与其他国家诸如“未遂，，、“不遂，’、“犯罪未完成”、“结果未发生”或者“犯罪行为未完成”等概念，在区别犯罪未遂与犯罪既遂的这种意义上，外延应是一致的。只有这样理解，才能将世界上其他国家关于犯罪未遂区别于犯罪既遂的理州昔鉴过来。在本部分中笔者也提出了未得逞的认定以“状态说”以准，并论证了何为‘叫犬态”说以及“状态说”与犯罪构成的关系，同时也指出主观罪过是“状态说”的根基。 最后一部分即第五部分是笔者在前面的创嘟退、批判的基础上，对我国犯罪未遂理论的补充和建议。本部分有10更多还原

【Abstract】 The system of criminal attempt is an important part of China’s criminal law. That the author makes theoretically comparative research on it has self-evident value. All countries in the world stipulated for the criminal attempt, and they also have their own theory on this kind of crime. So, the author introduces and compares the representative viewpoints on the criminal attempt which are laid down in these countries’ criminal law and theory. The object is to observe and consider that, in wider fields and from different aspects, our countries’ stipulation on criminal attempt is whether accordant with the developmental trend of the whole world’s criminal law, so as to reserve the advantages together with borrowingbetterpractical experience from foreign countries.The paper makes more comprehensive review on the system and theory of the criminal attempt from horizontal and longitudinal section. The author makes some critiques and tries his best to construct new theory or to hold a target for other researcher of criminal law in such centric question of the criminal attempt as "questions of the justification of punishing the criminal who attempts to commit a crime", "questions of starting to commit a crime" and "questions of will factors independent of a criminal", at the same time the author also accepts and absorbs the traditional and classic viewpoints about the criminal attempt Of course, the paper regards the justification of punishing the criminal, who attempts to commit a crime and the constitution of the criminal attempt as a focal point, and incidentally reviews and comments the incriminatory process of the crimmalattempt. As for the criminal attempt in our country’s criminal law, the author takes the present theories on the criminal attempt into consideration and makes some modified suggestions.The paper is divided into five parts and there are about 74,000 Chinese characters and about 1,000 English words.Part one is the summarization on the criminal attempt In this part, there are about 10,000 Chinese characters. The author mainly reviews and elaborates the history, the incriminatory process and the definition of the criminal attempt The stipulations of this crime in the world are divided into three categories in this part, that is, the French mode, the German Mode and the Italian Mode. ,The second part is "on the justification of punishing the criminal who attempts to commit a crime". The author mainly deals with the question of the root, which produces the criminal attempt, from the theoretical and legal aspects. There are about 23,000 Chinese characters in this part And the author also comments the relation between the subjective culpability and the theoretical and legal justification of punishing the criminal who attempts to commit a crime. A suggestion of reconsidering the subjective culpability is given in the part, so as to discuss the question of the criminal attemptPart three is about a piece of comparative research on starting to commit a crime. From the subjective theory, the objective theory and the eclectic theory of the criminal attempt, the author uses about 20,000 Chinese characters to comment and prompt the viewpoints of understanding and recognizing starting to commit a crime. Of course, the author also takes the relation between the justification of punishing the criminal who attempts to commit a crime and starting to commit a crime into consideration.The question of uncompleted crime is mainly discussed in part four. There are about 10,000 Chinese characters in this part The author gives out new viewpoint to recognize the uncompleted crime, and also discusses the relation between this new point and the constitution of a crime. The author points out thatthe root of this new viewpoint is in the subjective culpability.The last part, that is the fifth part, is the suggestion which is given out by the author on the basis of the former discussion, critique and comments. There are about 10,000 Chinese characters in this part. The author supplements and demonstrates the更多还原