中小企业信用担保制度研究——基于经济法规制的视角

【作者】 宋平；

【导师】 李昌麒；

【作者基本信息】 西南政法大学 ， 经济法学， 2003， 硕士

【摘要】 中小企业量多面广，在国民经济中日益突显其重要性，尤其是在保持经济活力、促进就业、技术创新、活跃消费市场、促进产业结构调整等方面发挥着重要作用。然而由于中小企业经营风险较大、信用信息不对称等劣势导致其间接融资渠道堵塞，加上直接融资渠道的欠缺，使中小企业面临融资难的困境，为解决这一难题，我国在政府主导下建立了中小企业信用担保制度，该制度利用担保这一私法手段激励银行向中小企业提供信用贷款，实现融资资本流向与流量的合理化。具体做法是由专业的中小企业信用担保机构作为中小企业向银行贷款时的保证人，若中小企业到期不能归还贷款，则由信保机构向银行履行代偿责任，并享有向欠款的中小企业追偿的权利。在此过程中，信用担保机构作为第三者介入中小企业与商业银行的信贷关系，不仅能分散银行贷款的风险，提升中小企业的借贷信用，而且有助于建立信用管理制度，改善中小企业贷款的信用环境，并最终实现国家扶持中小企业的产业政策。所以中小企业信用担保制度是化解中小企业借贷难题，推动中小企业发展的有效手段。 本文试图以经济法规制的视角，从理论和实践两个层面研究我国中小企业信用担保制度。从理论上而言，首先，中小企业信用担保制度是经济学理论逻辑推演的的结果，是符合经济规律的，即建立中小企业信用担保制度是一种新的制度安排，目的在于以较低的交易成本和较高的社会收益矫正中小企业间接融资过程中交易成本过高、资源配置效率较低的市场缺陷。其次，中小企业信用担保制度契合于经济法法理，即由于市场在配置融资资本和信用资源方面存在不足，以及政府在这一过程中有失灵现象，所以需要借助公权力的适度干预，即由政府主导建立中小企业信用担保体系以引导融资资本流向与配置，从而实现政府扶持中小企业的宏观政策。因此经济法作为国家干预之法在规制中小企业信用担保制度的过程中应占据重要的一席。在经济法规制该制度时首先应对政府、银行、中小企业与信用担保机构的法律关系进行合理构架。在实践层面，本文着重通过对国外比较成熟的做法进行研究与借鉴，并且针对我国试点实践中出现的问题提出解决的对策，其中主要研究了美国、日本、奥地利、意大利的中小企业信用担保制度，并从中总结出可适用于我国的经验，例如政府对信保工作的大力支持与金融机构的积极配合；信保机构在业务与服务项目上的开拓与创新；完善的信用管理制度；风险分散方式的多元化以及健全的法律法规体系等。借鉴他国经验是为了更加完善我国的信保制度，因此反观我国这几年的信保实践，在经历了起步阶段、积极推动阶段以及规范试点阶段三个时期后，信保工作在全国已经初具雏形，并且已取得了一定成效。文章对信保工作的模式、信保机构的法律形式以及信保制度的具体内容作了简单介绍。然而由于信保工作仍处于初级阶段，因而在实践中仍然存在许多问题，例如信保基金量少盘小，担保能力不高;中小企业申请担保的门槛较高;信用担保机构控制风险、分散风险的机制不完善;银行对信保工作不积极配合以及信用管理体制缺乏等。针对这些现实问题，笔者提出以下一些解决对策:1、纠正对中小企业信用担保制度的认识偏差，树立正确的信用担保观念;2、建立企业征信制度;3、改革金融体制，建立支持中小企业的多层次金融市场体系;4、完善中小企业信用担保制度本身，包括扩大信用基金来源，健全控制风险与分散风险机制，积极进行担保创新，完善相关法律法规。更多还原

【Abstract】 The SMEs (Small and Medium sized Enterprises)is important in the national economy, specially in keeping economical activity, increasing employment,technical invention and activating the consumer market ect. But the indirect route of financing is unsmooth and the direct route of financing is vacant. These reasons lead SMEs to face the difficulty of financing. To solve this problem, it is necessary to set up the SMEs’ credit guarantee system which should be posed and led by the government. This institution will make use of guarantee to rose banks to extend credit loans to SMEs. During the process, the organizations for SMEs’ credit guarantee interpose between commercial banks and SMEs. This style can not only promote the SMEs’ credit degree and disperse the financing risk of commercial banks, but also help to construct China’s credit system and realize the policy of developing SMEs. Therefore the SMEs’ credit guarantee institution is the effective measure to cure the difficulty of SMEs’ getting loan.This article aims to study the SMEs’ credit guarantee from both theoretical and practical prospectives. Theoretically, the SMEs’ credit guarantee is based on the theory of economy and economical law. The SMEs’ credit guarantee is a new management system,with a purpose to reduce the transaction cost and enhance the social benefit of the SMEs’ financing. That means the SMEs’ credit guarantee is according with the economy rule. On the other hand , the government establishes the SMEs’ credit guarantee also can remedy the government failure and market failure of disposing financial capital and credit sources. The SMEs’ credit guarantee should be accordingly regulated by the economical law. This article analyzes the leagal relationship among government, commercial banks, SMEs and organizations for SMEs’ credit guarantee too. Practically,this article attempts to study the SMEs’ credit guarantee in other countries and regions. The experiences offoreign countries (especially studying on USA, Japan, Italy and Austria ect.) will be carefully analyzed and dialectically applied in Chian’s SMEs. In China, the SMEs’ credit guarantee system has passed three steps which are starting step, pushing step and regulating step. Although the SMEs’ credit guarantee system is still in experiment, it has prime model and has taken some effective to SMEs. This article introduces the model of activity on SMEs’ credit guarantee and the leagal forms of organizations of SMEs’ credit guarantee simply. Otherwise, the SMEs’ credit guarantee has many problem because it was established just for a short term. For example: the funds of credit guarantee is so small that effect the guarantee capacity; it is too hard for SMEs to get guarantee; the organism of controlling risk and dispersing risk is imperfct; the commercial banks’ attitude towards SMEs’ financing are indifferent; the credit system is vacant and so on. So in the application process,the problems of SMEs’ credit guarantee in China will be posed and suggestions will offered to develop and promote the SMEs’ credit system guaranee. This article attempts to give some suggestion, such as: 1. Remedy the understanding of the SMEs’ credit guarantee; 2.Set up the enterprises’ credit system; 3. Reform the financial organism and construct the financial market system to hold the SMEs; 4. To perfect the SMEs’ credit guarantee system including extending the soure of credit guarantee funds, perfecting the organism of controlling and dispersing risk,doing guaranee innovation,perfecting the law and regulation which concern of the SMEs’ credit guarantee.更多还原