公司章程法律制度研究

【作者】 刘坤；

【导师】 赵万一；

【作者基本信息】 西南政法大学 ， 民商法， 2003， 硕士

【摘要】 公司是自治企业，公司依靠章程来实现自治，公司章程是对公司的组织、营运、解散、公司名称、目的、组织机构以及股东和董事的权利和义务等内容做出明确、肯定和具体规定的公共性质的法律文件，是公司最重要的法律文件之一，因此它一方面是公司对内管理的工具，是公司与其股东、董事、监事之间建立法律关系的依据和纠纷解决的依据。另一方面，公司章程还是法律规定的公司设立的必备行为要件，是国家实现对公司管理的途径之一。此外，公司这一商事主体要实现盈利的目的必须投身到市场经济中，随之而来的就是与其他主体发生各种各样的法律关系，这时公司章程又是公司对外的信誉证明，他人可以据此向公司投资或与其发生经济往来。可见，公司章程在对指导公司事务的实际操作方面具有相当的重要性。 正是认识到公司章程在法律实务中的重要地位，世界各国都将对章程相关问题的规定写入公司法，从而构成了公司法的一个重要内容。公司章程本身的内容和性质已经不仅仅是它自身的问题，相关的，它涉及到了公司法法律规范与公司章程的关系、公司章程与当事人意思自治的关系，甚至关联到法律规定与当事人意思自治在公司法领域中的表现。因此对公司法律体系内一系列问题的研究也应该以对公司章程的研究为基础，比如，公司章程的对外效力和公司的社会责任问题研究等。所以，为了完善公司法律制度，也理应对公司章程有一个统一的认识。上述想法就是笔者决定对公司章程相关法律问题进行研究的初衷。 但是现实中存在这样的矛盾：随着国际经济新秩序的不断建立，各国经济交往频繁，相互投资参股、设立公司，已成为各国经济中不可缺少的一个重要组成部分，经济全球化的趋势不容怀疑。同时，虽然公司章程在公司及公司法中有举足轻重的作用，但由于各国经济制度、文化传统、法系派别不同，也导致各国公司法对公司章程的基本要求虽然在本质上相同，但在一些具体制度规定上产生了差别。比如，大陆法系与英美法系在公司章程的形式上就有不同之处，导致对章程记载内容产生不同要求等。各国对公司章程规定制定各异，使得在国际经济合作中产生一定困难。说到我们自己的公司法，由于需要完善的工作还有不少，学者们的理论研究要么忽视了公司章程在处理这些问题时的根基性作用，而只顾将精力放在热点研究上;要么虽然认识到公司章程的重要地位，但苦于国内外相关资料的缺乏，而无法较深入开展研究工作，在一番思考后最后只能放弃。这种感受在笔者完成本文时所遭遇的处境中可略知一二。这里所说的现实矛盾的存在是笔者能够以公司章程法律制度为题，着手写作本文的基础。正是发现了需要解决的难题，才有了解决难题的信心和勇气，也才可能展开解决难题的工作。 本文在结构方面将需要论述的内容分为五个部分，涉及公司章程的概念和特征、公司章程的作用、公司章程的内容、公司章程的效力以及公司章程的性质。这样就能从对公司章程的基本定性出发，对与之相联系的问题分别做出理论分析，并在此基础上尽量发掘出它们在深层次上的相关性。 在文章内容方面，笔者坚持对大陆法系与英美法系制度的对比，这反映在对公司章程的概念、作用、内容、性质等问题的论述.中。并在这种比较方法的研究中，提出了笔者的看法。比如第一，排除普遍认可的将“真实性”作为公司章程的特征之一的认识，而认为公司章程的特征只应该是 “法定性”和“公开性”。第二，出于对公司章程在公司运作中发生作用的时间和范围考虑，在“公司设立”和“公司运行”两个方面对公司章程的作用加以论述。第三，通过对公司章程内容的立法分析，提出对重构公司章程内容的思考等。同时，对于公司章程的概念、公司章程的性质等问题，笔者在相应论述后没有得出一个明确结论，但决不意味着没有结论。因为一方面在对各国立法的分析和比较后，事实的本来面目已然清晰，无需画蛇添足;另一方面，出于认识的局限和问题的复杂，一两句话的论述不能说明实际问题，不如留一个开放的空间为进一步的研究提供方便。 笔者坚持认为公司章程的性质是公司章程研究中的重中之重，同时也是最难把握的，因此把这一部分放在文章结尾处，除了说明其地位的重要性，还希望其他学者对其提出批评，以供笔者改进。公司章程的性质有“契约说”、“宪章说”、“自治法规说”等等不一而总，实际不外乎体现在公司章程的对外与对内两个方面。这也是笔者在通篇论述中的一条主线，体现在论述公司章程的特征、作用、内容、效力等各方面。 在文章结语部分，笔者提到了公司章程与解决公司其他问题的关系。事实上，笔者将研究公司章程相关问题称为“法律制度研究”，主要是强调这些问题涉及面广，需要探讨的内容很多，远远不限于本文所及。更多还原

【Abstract】 Corporation is a self-governing enterprise that depends on the corporate constitution to achieve self-government. Because the corporate constitution is one of the most important legal documents which regulates the organization, operations, dissolution, and other things of the corporation, it is not only a foundation which establish the legal relationship between the corporation and the shareholders, the directors as well as the supervisor, but also an essential which the authority relies on to regulate the corporation. Furthermore, with the increasing business activities the corporation has, the corporate constitution also can be the trust certification towards the public. Thus, the corporate constitution is very important in directing the corporate business in practice.Because of this, the corporate constitution has been regulated in the corporate law by many countries. The content and nature of the corporate constitution are beyond themselves. On the contrary, they concern many aspects of the corporate legal system. Thus, to study a series of problems of the corporate law should begin from the study of the corporate constitution. In order to complete the corporate legal system, the author intends to probe into this problem.However, there exist conflicts: first, with the development of global international communication, corporations have been one necessary part of the national economy. On the other hand, because of the difference in economical system, cultural tradition as well as legal system among different countries, the specific legal regulations on the corporate constitution is not same .For example, the difference in the form of the corporate constitution between the system of civil law and the system of common law leads to the different requests on the record contents of the corporate constitution. Therefore, there are some obstacles caused by this difference when facing the global economic cooperation. As for our own corporate law, plenty of work needs to be done to complete and perfect our corporate constitution legal system. Although it is not easy to probe into the corporateconstitution because of the ignorance of this problem by our scholars and the inadequacy of the relevant study materials, the author still decides to take this subject as the graduation thesis in order to perfect the corporate constitution in our own corporate law.The thesis is divided into five parts, including the following aspects of the corporate constitution: the concept and characteristic, the function, the content,the effect as well as the character. In this way, the author could begin from the basic character, analyze the relevant theoretic questions and study the relevance of these questions.As for the content of the thesis, the author insists on the comparison between two legal systems and gives his opinions. For example, the thesis excludes the "actuality" as the characteristic of the corporate constitution. Secondly, the author describes the function of the corporate constitution in "corporation foundation" and "corporation operation". Thirdly, by analyzing the legislation, the author puts forward the idea of reconstructing the content of the corporate constitution. And the author also leaves an open space by not defining the concept and character of the corporate constitution in case to limit the understanding of these aspects.In the last part of this thesis, the author studies the character of the corporate constitution to emphasis the importance of itself. No matter how many theories about this part, such as "contract", "constitution", "self-governing regulation", the character of the corporate constitution actually reflects in two aspects: "inside" and "outside" which is also the spine of this thesis.At the end, the author points out the relationship between the corporate constitution and other corporate questions. Practically, the main purpose that the author calls this thesis as "study on the legal system" is to emphasis that there are a lot of problems concerning this subject beyond the the更多还原