【作者】 廖彦罡；

【导师】 葛春林；

【作者基本信息】 北京体育大学 ， 体育教育训练学， 2003， 硕士

【摘要】 注意一般是指心理活动对于一定对象的指向和集中，它是人们了解世界的窗口和一切心理活动的发端和起源。对运动员注意特征机制的研究既是一有理论意义，又有实践价值的运动心理学问题，一直是广大心理学家探讨的热点；随着认知心理学注意机制研究的深入，其本身的定义和内涵正逐渐被人们清楚阐述，运动心理领域也需要进行深层次的相关探讨，但是在翻阅相关的研究文献和实验方法后，仍有较大的欠缺和不足。 为客观深入的探索运动中注意的能力特征，本研究以注意的激活和抑制双重作用机制为出发点，选取注意的优先效应和返回抑制两部分实验为研究内容(注意优先效应是指优先选取有用信息来更好完成认知任务的加工，返回抑制是指对先前注意的位置上进行反应所表现出的滞后现象)。在特定的认知加工过程中，两者紧密的结合才能确保主体进行最准确、最迅速的判断反应。 部分运动员的注意力要根据不断变化的外界环境信息来作出相应的应答变化，被称为环境主导注意型，突出反映了大多数运动项目中快速、灵活多变的适应环境能力。我们选取了球类和拳击等此类项目的运动员和普通大学生作为实验对象，通过反应速度和正确率等测试来对其注意能力进行对比分析，发现存在着较大差异。具体为： 1、注意的优先效应实验中两组被试受颜色、线索和分心物三因素的变化规律接近一致。有效线索提示和新异目标具有注意优先权。分心物的增多，除“线索无效——颜色不变”情况下采用系列加工搜索以外，其余均为平行搜索模式。但是环境主导注意型运动员在多信息整合加工中的优先效应明显优于普通人，选择反应速度能力明显快于普通大学生，他们拥有较好的注意灵活性，能很好的降低注意损失，错误率较高但保持在允许范围内。 2、注意的返回抑制实验中被试的反应都受到线索概率和SOA的影响，随着线索概率的降低，返回抑制越早出现并增多，SOA的延长也能导致抑制的增强。环境主导注意型运动员具有较好的返回抑制能力，他们能在较短的SOA里较快的出现抑制特征，并且返回抑制的效应非常显著。更多还原

【Abstract】 Attention is mainly viewed as the orienting and focus of certain objects in psychological activity. It plays a central role in human life and is the foundation of information process. Researches on athletes’ attentional ability has both theoretical and applied values. With the investigation of cognitive psychology further, the content and definition of attention is being acknowledged and become clear slowly. At the same time, Sport psychology also need relative researches . However, after surveying relative passages and ways of experiments about this problem, we found there is much deficiency in sports field .In order to investigate the ability of athletes’ attention further , we use two basic ways of experiment including "attentional priority" and "inhabition of return". Because attention is greatly viewed as a process that can facilitate or inhibit the operations involved in information process subserveing attention. Attenticnal priority is how to choose useful information to accomplish cognitive activity better. Inhabition of return is the phenomenon of inhabition that return the former objects or spaces .In order to accomplish mission better, subjects must use two above-mentioned ways in the certain circumstance .Two different aspects of attention have closely relation in completing cognitive tasks better.We choose some specific groups of athletes , whose scope of attention mainly involve in the various circumstance .We think their characters of attention is flexible ,quick . According to contrast and value ,we examine the time of response , the rate of correction and found there are obvious differences between expertise and novice. It follows:1. The athletes of circumstance attentional type have better attentional priority. Their speed of response are more quick than others in various conditions. They belong to excellent flexibility and can control the cost of attention better. On the other hand, the rate of mistakes is higher in athletes but is still accepted in certain scope, which probably represents expertise have good ability of selective attention. In fact , both groups are affected by same factors ,such as colours, cue, distraction ,etc.2. The probability of cue-, SOA (stimulus onset asynchrony) have great effect on subjects’ response. The athletes of circumstance attentional type have better ability of inhabition of return. They can form IOR in shorter SOA if the probability of cues is still high. At the same time,their efficacy of IOR is stronger than others. When the probability of cue is lower and have longer SOA, both subjects can form distinct phenomenon of SOA.更多还原