【作者】 季立江；

【导师】 廖俊必；

【作者基本信息】 四川大学 ， 测试计量技术及仪器， 2003， 硕士

【摘要】 直线度测量是几何量计量领域里一个最基本的项目，它是平面度、平行度、垂直度、同轴度等几何量测量的基础。同时，直线度测量也是机械制造业中一个非常重要的内容。直线度作为形状误差的要素之一，直接影响仪器精度、性能、质量。在有些场合，甚至是决定因素。炮管的轴线直线度对炮弹的发射精度和命中精度的影响无疑是直接的，而目前国内一些工厂车间使用的检测方法精度低，效率低，性能无法保障。高精度直线度测量，特别是高精度空间直线度测量一直是几何量测量领域一个比较困难的项目，国内外很多的检测方法都无法兼顾精确性与经济性的原则。基于此，本课题选择炮管轴线直线度测量仪为主要研究对象。在满足精确性与经济性的前提下，完成整个测量仪器的设计。 本文主要论述了基于图像处理的炮管轴线直线度测量仪的研究。 首先，分析和比较了传统的直线度测量方法，将传统的测量方法进行了改进，提出了基于图像处理的光轴法这一测量方法。 第二步，通过对炮管轴线直线度的测量原理、特点和实际测量中的具体要求进行分析，完成该测量仪的机构设计。首先提出了该测量仪的整体结构设计方案和主要组成部分。详细设计中的测量激光束发射准直系统解决了激光束准直性和方向稳定性的问题；光学成像系统阐述了光学放大原理，CCD成像原理，完成了测量光路部分的具体设计，并对主要元器件的选取进行了分析；驱动装置系统对测量元件进行了详细的设计，并对其它元器件的选取进行了分析。最后给出了整个测量的过程。 第三步，对本测量仪的软件系统进行总体的设计和详细的设计。第四川大学硕士学位论文一部分给出了整个软件系统的大体框架和组成部分。第二部分对图像处理的原理方法进行分析比较，提出了适合于本测量仪的图像处理方法和步骤，并给出了软件实现的方法。本软件系统满足了图像处理的目的，同时为进一步的图像处理方法研究提供了开发平台。第三部分给出了测量控制软件实现的方法，从而实现用计算机对整个测量过程和数据采集、处理的自动控制，自动生成直线度文件。第四部分对传统的直线度误差评定方法进行了综合的比较并分别给出软件实现的方法，提出了使用遗传算法进行空间直线度评定的方法和.实现过程。该系统不仅给出了空间直线度常见评定方法的计算机程序，同时给出了给定平面内和给定方向上直线度常用评定方法的计算机程序，同时具有创建、查看、修改和打印直线度文件的功能。整个软件系统在window98和Mierosoft Visua1C++6.0环境下编制，功能完善，界面友好，操作简便。 最后通过理论误差分析和分辨力与测量范围的计算，得出了该测量仪器能够达到测量要求的结论。 结果表明该炮管轴线直线度测量仪能满足测量要求，同时满足仪器设计中精确性和经济性的要求，能提供自动的数据采集和数据处理，大大的提高了工作效率。同时，为今后开发深孔直线度测量仪打下了一定的基础。更多还原

【Abstract】 As a most basal item of geometrical product measurement, Straightness measurement is the base of many measurements such as flatness, parallelism, squareness and concentricity. Straightness measurement is a very important content of machine manufacturing. As one factor of form error, Straightness directly influences precision, capability, quality of the instrument, sometimes may be determinate factor. Axis Straightness of gun barrel directly influences sending precision and hitting precision. While the inspecting methods that most internal workshops are using are very old, inefficient and have low precision, so the instrument can’t work well. High-precision Straightness measurement, especially for space Straightness, is very difficult, the nowadays methods of measurement can’t give attention to both accuracy and economy. So we take measuring instrument of gun barrel axis Straightness as object of research. Under the precondition that the measurement can get high accuracy and can be economical, we have accomplished the design of the instrument.The paper mainly discusses the research on the measuring instrument of gun barrel axis Straightness, which is based on image processing.First, the traditional methods of Straightness measurement are analyzed and compared, optical axis method for measurement based on image processing is improved.Second, through the analyzing for principle, characteristic and practical demand of the measurement, the structure design is been accomplished. In the first part, the blue print of the whole structure of the measuring instrument and main parts is brought forward. In the second part, the detailed design is brought forward. In the system of laser beaming and collimating, we have solved the problem on the straightness and directional stability. In the optical imaging system, optical magnify theory and CCD imaging theory is expatiated, the concrete optical route is designed and analysis on choosing the main accessory is given. In the drive device system, detailed design on metrical element is processed and analysis on choosing the other accessories is given. All the three systems are parts of the detailed design. In the last part, the whole course of the measurement is advanced.Third, we have brought forward the general design and detailed design of the software system. In the first part, the blue print of the whole structure of the software system and main parts is brought forward. In the second part, the principle of image processing being analyzed and compared, the method of image processing that most fits this measurement is chosen out and method of software realization is given out. The image processing software system can not only fit the purpose of image processing but also gives a stage for farther exploitation on image processing. In the third part, the method of software realization on measure-controlling is given out, so we can automatically control the measurement course, data collecting and data processing, build straightness data file automatically. In the forth part, traditional methods to evaluate straightness error is general compared, and the realizing method by software for each one is given out. The way to evaluate space straightness error by genetic algorithm is brought forward. The system can evaluate straightness error in given plane and along given direction as also. The system has the function to create, look over, modify and print straightness data file. Thewhole software system is programmed in Windows 98 and Microsoft Visual C++6.0. The system has perfect function, friendly interface and simple operation.At last, the conclusion that the instrument can fit the demand is gained, trough academic error analysis and calculation on resolution and measuring rang-e.The result indicates that the system fits measurement demand well, and fits the demand of accuracy and economy. It can collect data and process data automatically. The research will supply certain base for developing the measuring instrument for deep hole straightness in future.更多还原