犯罪客体论

【作者】 彭华；

【导师】 向朝阳；

【作者基本信息】 四川大学 ， 刑法， 2003， 硕士

【摘要】 犯罪构成，作为刑法学基本理论范畴之一的犯罪论的核心，历来被视为犯罪论的基石和基本内容。它是凌驾于个别化的犯罪事实之上，从各种犯罪事实中抽象、概括出来的具有一般性、普遍性的要件的总和。就其本质而论，犯罪构成是一个源于生活原型，又高于生活原型，由刑法规范拟制的“模型”。在此模型中，犯罪客体是否占有地位及其占据何种地位，是解决犯罪构成整体具体结构问题的不可回避的前提性和基础性问题。对此，中国刑法学界对犯罪客体在犯罪构成整体中的存在必要性有诸多不同的观点和看法。归纳起来，大体有三种：一是犯罪构成“四要件说”，此乃我国刑法学通说观点。此说认为犯罪客体是犯罪构成的必要组成部分，即犯罪客体在犯罪构成整体中具有“要件”地位；二是“三要件说”，即犯罪构成整体包含犯罪客观方面要件、犯罪主体要件、犯罪主观方面要件；三是“二要件说”，即犯罪构成整体包含犯罪客观方面要件、犯罪主观方面要件。第二、三种观点的相同之处是在犯罪构成整体的结构搭建中抹去了犯罪客体的应有独立位置，而认为犯罪客体是现行犯罪构成体系中多此一举的要件，它的存在对定罪量刑也无多大意义。其次，犯罪客体的指称意义，实际是对“什么是犯罪客体”或“犯罪客体是什么”这一基本理论概念问题的回答。而我国刑法学者对此问题的不同回答则形成了对犯罪客体自身涵义的不同界说。其中，最具典型性和代表性的观点有如下几种：一是社会主义社会关系说与社会关系说，认为犯罪客体是我国刑法所保护，而为犯罪行为所侵害的社会主义社会关系或社会关系；二是对象说，认为犯罪客体就是犯罪对象；三是权利说，认为犯罪客体是刑法所保护的权利；四是法益说，认为犯罪客体是刑法所保护的利益(即法益)。面对上述理论纷争，深入研究犯罪客体是十分必要和重要的，这也正是本文的选题初衷。 因此，鉴于与犯罪客体相关的诸多具体理论问题的解决对明晰“犯罪构成”四川大学硕士学位论文的具体结构的重大理论价值及其对刑事司法实践的重大意义，深入触及这一存在于刑法学之基本理论范畴中的基本问题实为探求事物本真之必需。立足于本国文化背景，坚持本民族特有之思维方式，从我国现有的犯罪构成体系出发，以自己适应当下文明与当前社会的惯常方式对犯罪客体予以认识，并得出结论:犯罪客体实质就是刑法上的法益，即犯罪客体的内容应当是刑法所保护的利益(法益);犯罪客体是犯罪构成的首要要件，是犯罪构成之模块之一;若确失这一模块，犯罪构成模型必不完整。更多还原

【Abstract】 Constitutive elements of crime are one of category crime core of theory as criminal jurisprudence basic theories, and have always been deemed to be foundation stone and basic content of crime theory. It places itself above individual crime fact, abstracting and summarizing with general, universality total of necessary condition that comes out of various kinds of crime fact. As regards its essence, constitutive elements of crime are that one comes from life prototype, higher than the life prototype again, standard plan "model" that is made by criminal law. In this model, whether object of crime occupies status or not and which kind of status it occupies is prerequisite and basic problem that it cannot avoid to solve constitutive elements of crime’s whole concrete structure. As to this, Chinese criminal jurisprudence has a great deal of different views to object of crime’s necessary existence in whole constitutive elements of crime. To sum up, there are three kinds of views. First, four necessary conditions of constitutive elements of crime. This is general view in our country’s criminal jurisprudence. This view thinks that object of crime is essential component of constitutive elements of crime, namely, object of crime has necessary condition status in whole constitutive elements of crime. Second, three necessary conditions of constitutive elements of crime. Namely, the whole constitutive elements of crime include crime objective respect, crime subject, crime subjective respect. Third, two necessary conditions of constitutive elements of crime. Namely, the whole constitutive elements of crime include crime objective respect, crime subjective respect. The second view and third view in common is that object of crime’s essential and independent status is wiped off in the structure construction of constitutive elements of crime. While it is thought that object of crime is one of redundant condition in the present system of constitutive elements of crime, and its existence has nothing to do with declaration of guilty and measurement of penalty. Secondly, meaning of object of crime is an answer to the fundamental theoretical problem of "what is object of crime" or " object of crime iswhat". While our country’s criminal law scholars’ different answers to this problem form the different views to object of crime. Among them, most typical and representative views run as follows: First, socialism social relationship and social relationship. It is thought that object of crime is socialism social relationship or social relationship which is protected by our country’s criminal law, but is violated by the criminal behaviors. Second, target. It is thought that object of crime is criminal target. Third, right. It is thought that object of crime is the right that is protected by the criminal law. Fourth, legal interest. It is thought that object of crime is the interest that is protected by the criminal law (legal interest). In the face of the above theoretical dispute, it is very essential and important to further investigate object of crime. This is exactly original intention of selected title of this text too.So, seeing that a great deal of concrete settlement of theoretical questions that correlate with object of crime and to criminal judicial practice to distinct concrete great theory value of structure of "constitutive elements of crime", great meaning is deep to touch this basic problem which exist in basic field of crime theory. Base on national culture background, insist this nationality peculiar mode of think, proceed from our country’s system of constitutive elements of crime, meet instant civilization and current society way with object of crime by oneself, and draw the conclusion: object of crime essentially is legal interest of criminal law. Namely, the content of object of crime should be the interest that is protected by the criminal law (legal interest). Object of crime is the primary necessary condition of constitutive elements of crime, and is one of the module of the constitutive elements of crime m更多还原