我国城市水污染防治立法若干问题研究

【作者】 陈蓝图；

【导师】 陈汉光；

【作者基本信息】 湖南师范大学 ， 法学理论， 2002， 硕士

【摘要】 城市在我国社会主义现代化建设中起着主导作用。有效地保护和改善城市环境对于保证经济、社会可持续发展的实现意义重大。水作为城市环境的重要组成部分，更因为其稀缺性和在生产、生活中无可替代的地位必须得到切实的保护。我国关于城市水污染防治的立法早于70年代末便已开始，然而目前我国城市水环境所呈现的不断恶化的态势却促使我们反思为什么城市发展给水资源施加的压力没有得到任何缓解。如何使“预防为主”原则在城市水污染防治立法中得到全面贯彻落实，有效防止城市水污染的产生，是急待解决的问题。本文尝试针对我国城市水污染防治立法中的一些问题，运用规范分析、实证分析和比较归纳等研究方法，进行初步探讨，并针对现行立法的缺陷提出若干立法建议。文章共分为四章： 第一章为我国城市水污染防治立法概述。本章先简要介绍了我国目前城市水污染的状况及其特点，指出当前形势下城市水污染已不同于以往的污染状况，即生活污水已取代工业废水成为首要污染源，但工业污水的负面效应依旧强烈以及污染源的广泛性等等。然后结合我国城市水污染从20世纪60年代到90年代的变化介绍我国城市水污染防治立法的历史发展：从70年代有关水污染防治立法的开始到90年代大量城市水污染防治行政法规、规章、地方立法的出台，其进步有目共睹。最后为现行立法体系的概述。 第二章介绍了若干以环境质量著称的国家关于城市水污染防治立法的情况，包括美国、日本、法国等，旨在取人之长、为我所用。上述四国关于城市水污染防治的立法各有特色，但又有一些共同的特征。如流域水污染防治监管机构、对地下水的保护十分严密，以及成熟有效的城市污水处理机制等等。这些都为我国相关的立法提供了有益经验。 第三章对我国现行城市水污染防治立法缺陷的分析及其原因探讨。其缺陷主要有以下几个主要方面:①有关城市环境规划的立法不够完善，在很多情况下不可避免地造成水污染;②对当前城市水环境两大主要污染源缺乏有效控制。具体表现为环评制度、清洁生产制度等存在弊端，无法真正实现对工业废水的源头控制;对生活污水的立法仅限于末端治理，有关节约用水的立法空白较多;现有的城市污水处理系统由于缺乏法律的保障，从设置到运转状况均不能令人乐观;③城市水污染监管体制亦存在漏洞;④对地下水保护不力;⑤对其他污染源控制漏洞较多;⑥地方立法缺乏特色。造成这种现象的原因包括:①政策方面。法律是依据政策的目标而制订和修改的，我国所奉行的盲目的城市扩张政策是重要原因;②经济体制和立法体制方面。转轨时期市场经济体制的副作用和环保立法体制中的不足亦不容忽视。 第四章提出相关的立法建议。主要内容有:①完善城市环境规划的相关立法。包括明确城市环境规划的法律地位及专门立法以保障其可操作性;②健全相关的监管体制。包括设置高权威、高规格的流域监管部门和强化环保部门的职权;③真正实现对城市污水的源头控制。包括加强清洁生产立法、健全环评制度、建立适当的总量控制模式和强化节约用水的法律责任;④建立良性的城市污水集中处理机制。包括通过立法保证污水集中处理设施的建设、合理技术的采用和运转资金的来源;⑤填补对其他污染源控制的立法空白;⑥完善地方立法。包括对中央立法精神的及时反应和贯彻以及在不与上级立法冲突的情况下保证地方立法的针对性、超前性和可操作性。更多还原

【Abstract】 City plays a vital role in our country’s turning its socialist modernization into a true sentence. To protect efficiently and ameliorate the municipal environment means a lot to ensure the sustainable development. As an essential part of the municipal environment, water must be definitely protected for its scarcity and uniqueness in our daily routine. Legislation to conrol the municipal water pollution began as early as the late 1970s,yet the deteriorating quality of Chinese municipal water environment hastens us to wonder why the expansion of cities keeps on pressing heavily upon it. Accordingly, how to implement the prevention principle thoroughly in the legislation of comprehensive municipal water pollution control ,along with the prevention of municipal water pollution,is imminent. By combining normative analysis, positive analysis and comparative induction, the author attempts to make a preliminary study on some problems with regard to the legislation of municipal water pollution control, and puts forward some countermeasures and proposals directed a-gainst the limitations of the present legislation. This dissertation contains 4 chapters.Chpter I focuses on Chinese legislation of comprehensive municipal water pollution control. First,it gives a brief introduction of how Chinese current municipal water pollution is like and its features,noting what we are facing is a far cry from ever: daily sewage’ s becoming the principal pollutant; industrial sewage’ s still strongly negative influence and various pollution sources etc. Second, concerning the change of municipal waterpollution from 1960s to 1990s, it indicates the process of the legislation. To sum up,from the promulgation in the late 1970s to the announcement of a lot of administrative regulations ., departmental rules and local laws in the 1990s, legislation on this subject has made a big step. Finally, it sketches Chinese present legislative system of comprehensive municipal pollution control.Chapter II looks at several foreign countries’ legislations, including America,Japan and France, to show us some good examples. The above four countries’ legislations have respective characteristics,sharing some ones. Those all can pay to Chinese legislation.Chapter III pays attention to the problems in Chinese legislation of municipal water pollution control and their causes. These porblems are: legislation on city plan is deficient, causing unavoidable water pollution under many circumstances; there is lack of effective control of the two major pollutants:industrial sewage and daily sewage; the construction of relative organs is unable to meet the need of environmental protection; the underground water isn’t under complete protection;control on other pollutants is unsufficient;local legislation is banal. Causes are about policies , economic and legislative system.In chapter IV , the author gives sonic proposals for perfecting Chinese legislation of comprehensive municipal water pollution control, including strenghening the legislation of city plan; setting up the efficient organs and fixing their legal status and so on.更多还原