解释的位置

【作者】 朱玲芳；

【导师】 彭运石；

【作者基本信息】 湖南师范大学 ， 基础心理学， 2002， 硕士

【摘要】 心理学经过百余年的发展仍被认为是一门充满危机的科学，究其根源就在于心理学至今尚未确立真正适于自身特性的方法论。 心理学历史上出现了自然科学和人文科学两种取向的研究。自然科学取向的心理学以科学主义方法论为指导，它使心理学远离了哲学母体的主观、思辨，并积累了大量的实验数据和科学经验，因而成为心理学发展中的主流势力，人文取向的心理学却一直被冠以非科学的名义而排除在正统心理学研究范围之外。对科学性的盲目追求使得心理学研究的视域越来越狭窄，与社会生活的关联之路也被严重阻塞。科学主义心理学方法论危机的渐入要求构筑一种更完整的心理学方法论，这客观上呼唤着更能展现心理学对象—“人”之区别于“物”的独特性的人文取向的方法论的完善。 解释学作为探幽人的精神世界的西方哲学思潮，在心理学的发展过程中愈来愈彰显出它的方法论价值，解释学的心理学方法论是在抗辩科学主义心理学方法论霸权的背景下、在精神分析这一具体领域中形成的，它有一个历史发展过程，它与科学主义方法论对立的立场在它的内容中也有明显的体现，表现在五个方面：一、从自然世界到文本世界；二、从客观实证到理解解释；三、从还原分析到整体关联原则；四、从可通约性到历史制约性；五、从科学真理到人文真理。 解释学以它对精神世界的独特洞察在指导心理学的研究中发挥了独具的魅力，解释学的心理学方法论对心理学作出了不可抹煞的贡献，但由于它全盘否定科学主义以至于到了取消科学的境地，这又使它走向了矛盾的另一极，呈现出不可避免的局限性。心理学的对象是“人”，心理学的方法论必须建基于“人”的特有本性上，人是一个有着多重矛盾关系所构成的否定性统一体，人的生命是一个不断自我否定的辩证过程。人的实践活动是体现和消融人的各种矛盾对立的现实基础和活动，因而科学主义心理学方法论和解释学的心理学方法论都无法单独展现人的全貌，只有立足于实践，将二者的对立加以辩证统一，才可能使得两种取向的方法论在指导心理学研究的过程中各得其所，共同描绘出心理科学的未来图景.更多还原

【Abstract】 Although Psychology has been developed for more than 100 years, it is still considered as a kind of science with full crises. The main reason is that up to now, it has not established a methodology that really fits its characteristics.During the past years, the research methods of psychology can be classified into two groups: nature science oriented and the humanities oriented. The method with natural science oriented is directed by the scientism methodology. It separates the psychology from the consciousness and perception of the philosophy and accumulates lots of experimental data and scientific experience. Therefore, this method becomes the main tendency in the studying of psychology. The method with the humanities oriented is not taken into account by the normal psychological research because it is named non-scientific. The excessive attentions in scientific narrows the field of vision in the psychological research and seriously blocks its connections with the social life. The crisis in the methodology of scientific psychology requires a more adaptable psychological methodology. This methodology should clearly show the difference between the psychological object - "human" and the "subject".Hermeneutics, an ideological trend of western philosophy in investigating human’s mental world, is exhibiting its methodological worth during the development of psychology. Psychological methodology of hermeneutics was created to compete with the psychological methodology of scientism that occupied the psychoanalysis field. Its establishment went through a long history. It hasfive standpoints that are opposite to those of the scientism methodology.These are a) natural world or human world; b) objective fact or understanding explanation; c) original condition analysis or interrelated entity; d) universalism or limitation by history; e) scientific truth or human truth.Hermeneutics shows excellent charms in directing the research of psychology because of its deep insight of the mental world. The contribution of psychological methodology of hermeneutics to the development of psychology cannot be neglected. However, its influence has an unavoidable limitation because it so completely denies the scientism that it enters the situation that cancels the science, which leads it to another extreme of the contradiction. The object of the psychology is "human" and therefore, the methodology of psychology must be established on the basis of "human" characteristics. Human is an entity that is consists of multiple contradiction relationships and human’s life is a process that continuously denies itself. Human’s practical activity is a way to reflect and melt the opposite of various contradictions. Therefore, the psychological methodology of scientism and explanation system cannot completely display the human characteristics separately. Only based on the practice, the opposite of them can be dialectically unified and the specialties of these two different oriented methodologies can be fully used in guiding the psychological research. Then the future prospect of psychological science will be depicted by both of them.更多还原