【作者】 刘洪梅；

【导师】 张改生；

【作者基本信息】 西北农林科技大学 ， 作物遗传育种， 2003， 硕士

【摘要】 本研究以粘果、易变和偏凸3种山羊草细胞质两种核基因型1BL/1RS小麦雄性不育系ms(kots)-8222、ms(var)-8222、ms(ven)-8222、ms(kots)-偃师9号、ms(var)-偃师9号和ms(ven)-偃师9号为母本，采用黑麦和硬粒小麦分别延迟授粉，调查各不育系的结实率和结实种子孤雌生殖植株频率。结果表明：异质1BL/1RS小麦雄性不育系的结实率和结实种子孤雌生殖植株频率因授粉者不同而表现显著差异；与用黑麦授粉相比，用硬粒小麦授粉时不育系可获得较高频率的结实和单倍体植株，硬粒小麦更适合作为异质1BL/1RS小麦雄性不育系诱导单倍体孤雌生殖的授粉者。 以ms(var)-8222、ms(var)-偃师9号和ms(kots)-偃师9号为母本，用黑麦延迟授粉，一部分只授粉一次，另一部分第二天重复授粉一次，调查不同授粉次数各不育系的结实率，结果表明：在用黑麦延迟授粉情况下，重复授粉方式不能提高各不育系的诱导结实率。 用硬粒小麦授粉时，对ms(kots)-偃师9号、ms(var)-偃师9号及ms(ven)-偃师9号3种不育系的结实率与结实种子植株单倍体频率的关系进行分析，结果表明：结实率高的不育系诱导单倍体频率不一定高，如ms(ven)-偃师9号结实率与结实种子植株单倍体频率相关系数r=-0.46026，不表现相关性，即说明不育系的结实率与结实种子植株单倍体频率之间没有相关性，不能直接从不育系诱导结实率的高低来推测诱导单倍体频率的高低。 对用黑麦和硬粒小麦授粉时，6种不育系结实种子孤雌生殖植株频率及植株生长情况的调查结果显示：(1)用黑麦授粉时，8222和偃师9号两种核基因型的不育系都能诱导出孤雌生殖植株，但核基因型是8222的不育系诱导出的是二倍体，核基因型是偃师9号的不育系诱导出的是单倍体；(2)用硬粒小麦授粉时，核基因型是8222的3种不育系均不能诱导出孤雌生殖植株，核基因型是偃师9号的3种异质不育系都能诱导出单倍体植株，但3种不育系诱导单倍体植株频率的差异不显著。此结果说明异质不育系的孤雌生殖性首先决定于自身核基因型；其次，决定于授粉者和核基因型间的互作。那么在异质1BL/1RS小麦雄性不育系内，寻找核基因型与授粉者互作的优良组合可在一定程度上提高其诱导孤雌生殖的频率。 本实验还用黑麦、硬粒小麦花粉给以杀雄剂技术配制的强优势杂种组合延迟授粉，当用硬粒小麦授粉时，诱导后代都是各组合和硬粒小麦的三交种，没有诱导出孤雌生殖纯合二倍体植株；当用黑麦授粉时，四个杂种组合503×89150，1376×503，1376X89150和小堰6号X89150都出现了孤雌生殖纯合二倍体植株，试验结果表明黑麦是一个很好的诱导杂种组合孤雌生殖的诱导者，这对以杀雄剂技术配制的杂种小麦强优势组合直接诱导纯合优异小麦单株有重要应用前景。 为探明异质IBL/IRS小麦雄性不育系发生孤雌生殖产生单倍体或纯合二倍体植株的细胞来源，用黑麦给偏型IBUIRS小麦雄性不育系ms(ven)一8222延迟授粉，对其受精过程的胚胎学观察表明:(l)延迟授粉前大部分胚囊表现正常，延迟授粉不能诱发偏型IBL/IRS小麦雄性不育系的卵细胞单性生殖;(2)从受精过程中的一些异常现象，如未受精极核贴近反足细胞、珠被附近有助细胞团等，初步显示偏型IBL/IRS小麦雄性不育系单性孤雌生殖源于助细胞。更多还原

【Abstract】 Six 1BL/1RS male sterile lines of wheat with Aegilops kotschyi,Ae.variabilis, Ae.ventricosa-ms(k)8222,ms(v)8222, ms(ven)8222, ms(k)yanshi 9hao, ms(v)yanshi 9hao and ms(ven)yanshi 9hao were selected as female parents in the study on the seed-seting percentage and the frequency of the parthenogenesis induced by the six female parents pollinated respectively with the pollen of rye and the pollen of durum seven days after the female parents blossomed.The results were as follows:There is obvious difference of the seed-setting percentage and the frequency of parthenogenesis between the male sterile lines pollinated with the pollen from the different pollinator. As compared with the pollen of rye,the pollen of durum was better pollen in exhancing the frequency of parthenogenesis of the alloplasmic 1BL/1RS male sterile lines of wheat.Three male sterile lines, ms(v)8222, ms(v)yanshi 9hao and ms(k)yanshi 9hao were selected as the female parents. Seven days after blossoming the female parents were classified into two:one were pollinated with the pollen of rye once,another were pollinated with the pollen of rye twice.Investigation on the seed-setting percentage of the female parents revealed that the seed-setting percentage of male sterile lines couldn’t be enhanced by the method of repeat pollination under the delayed-pollination with the pollen of rye.During the studies on the seed-seting percentage and the frequency of the parthenogenesis of the six female parents,the relation of the seed-seting percentage and the frequency of haploid of male sterile lines with Yanshi 9hao nucleus genotype was also studied.It was found that the relation coefficient of the seed-seting percentage and the frequency of haploid of ms(ven)yanshi 9hao was -0.46026. The results showed that there was no relation between the seed-seting percentage and the frequency of haploid and the male sterile lines with higer seed-setting percentage must not induce higer frequency of haploid.The six alloplasmic 1BL/1RS male sterile lines of wheat were pollinated respectively with the pollen of rye and the pollen of durum. The ploidy of parthenogenesis plants induced by the male sterile lines was systematically investigated. The results were asfollows: l)Rye being pollinator, the two male sterile lines type with 8222 nucleus genotype and Yanshi9hao nucleus genotype could induce parthenogenesis .But the male sterile lines with 8222 nucleus genotype induced diploid parthenogenesis, the male sterile lines with Yanshi 9hao nucleus genotype induced haploid parthenogenesis;2) Durum being pollinator, the male sterile lines with 8222 nucleus genotype couldn’t induce parthenogenesis and the male sterile lines with Yanshi 9hao nucleus genotype could induce haploid parthenogenesis. There was no obvious difference between the frequency of haploid induced by the three alloplasmic male sterile lines with the same yanshi9hao nucleus genotype.lt was proved that the parthenogenesis performance of the alloplasmic 1BL/1RS male sterile lines of wheat was decided by the character of the male sterile lines firstly,was related to the interaction between the nucleus genotype and the pollinator secondly,so the good interaction combination can enhance the frequency of parthenogenesis of the alloplasmic 1BL/1RS male sterile lines of wheat to some extent.On the seventh day after emasculation, the FI combinations of common wheat varieties applied in the practice were pollinated respectively with the pollen of rye and the pollen of durum. The results were as follows:Durum couldn’t induce the parthenogenesis of hybrid combinations;Rye could induce the parthenogenesis of the four hybrid combinations, 503x89150,1376x503,1376x89150 and Xiaoyan 6 haox89150,and rye was a good inducer in inducing the parthenogenesiss of hybrid combinations.In order to study the mechanism of parthenogenesis of the alloplasmic 1BL/1RS male sterile lines of wheat, ms(ven)8222 was crossed with rye under delayed-pollination and the process of the fertilization was observed embryologically.The resul更多还原