【作者】 牛娜；

【导师】 张改生；

【作者基本信息】 西北农林科技大学 ， 作物遗传育种， 2003， 硕士

【摘要】 “三系”技术是小麦杂种优势利用的主要途径之一。为了进一步探讨和揭示粘类小麦雄性不育系的育性特异性，利用粘类小麦雄性不育系育性基因单一的特点，以及建立粘类小麦雄性不育系专一的快速定向转育体系，本研究以具有不同来源的不育基因载体，一系列异质同核、同质异核及异质异核非1BL／1RS粘类小麦雄性不育系，一系列小麦染色体工具材料等为主体材料，重点进行了四方面内容的研究，即粘类小麦雄性不育系不同育性基因载体的筛选及其育性特异性比较；粘类非1BL／1RS小麦雄性不育系恢复性遗传规律研究；粘类非1BL／1RS小麦雄性不育系及其杂种F₁雌雄配子传递遗传机理分析；粘类非1BL／1RS小麦雄性不育系快速转育体系的建立。获得下述重要结果： 1．对不同来源的粘类非1BL／1RS不育载体进行筛选，结合细胞学鉴定可知SP4，莫迦小麦，90-110，224均属于非1BL／1RS类型，将它们导入粘、易、偏和二角型异源细胞质后均表现完全雄性不育。选择粘型、偏型不同来源的育性载体培育成的不育类型进行育性恢复性测定发现，其不同育性载体育性恢复性差异很大，SP4、莫迦两种不育载体育性恢复度相对较低，且在特定父本、细胞质背景下杂种F₁表现出育性分离；90-110和224育性恢复性良好，自交结实率与SP4、莫迦相比达到极显著水平。因此，90-110和224是粘类非1BL／1RS小麦雄性不育系优良保持系资源，在小麦杂种优势利用上很有应用前景。 2．系统考察了粘、易、偏和二角型4种异质非1BL／1RS小麦雄性不育系的育性恢复性，结果表明供试4种异质非1BL／1RS小麦雄性不育系均属易恢复、易保持不育类型；以4种异质非1BL／1RS不育系为母本与同一父本或不同父本测交，其F₁平均结实率与单株间结实率的变异系数呈显著负相关；4种异质非1BL／1RS小麦雄性不育系，各自不育细胞质源对杂种F₁的平均结实率影响程度不同，但不育胞质间恢复度差异不显著；4种异质非1BL／1RS小麦雄性不育系，虽然育性载体相同，但粘、易型的育性位点、偏型育性位点和二角型育性位点各自在同一连锁群中的位置可能不同；4种异质非1BL／1RS不育系和恢复系基因除主效育性基因外，亦在不同核型中存在有不等量的育性微效基因和抑制基因，其组成形式和杂交后的结合方式是粘类不育系育性恢复度高低的主要判别。 3．对粘、易和二角型非1BL／1RS小麦雄性不育系及杂种F₁配子传递方式进行研究与分析，发现粘类非1Bl／1RS小麦雄性不育系及杂种F₁具有配子体不育的特征。本试验供试组合绝大部分F₂分离群体全表现为可育，无不育株分离，且自交结实率F₂明显高于F;，进一步说明粘、易和二角型非IBL/IRS小麦雄性不育系杂种F:是以配子体不育方式进行传递。 4.用阿勃1B缺体、中国春l了IDIV和中国春正常二体与粘类4种非IBL/1RS小麦雄性不育系杂交发现，中国春正常二体lB染色体存在，不育系就可被恢复，阿勃1B缺体、中国春1了IDIv核基因组中lB染色体缺失，不育系不能被恢复，表现全不育。说明其不育基因单一，且仅位于1B染色体。这为利用染色体工程基础材料，建立一套快速转育不育系新体系奠定了理论依据，更为小麦强优势组合多途径利用提供了创制的新方法。更多还原

【Abstract】 The CMS is one of the main ways to make use of wheat heterosis . In order to probe into and open out the fertility characteristics of male sterile lines of Nian type in wheat deeply, to utilize characteristics as fertility gene single of it, and to establish a undivided convertible breeding system of it, the principle materials, such as sterile gene carriers different resources, a series of non-1BL/IRS male sterile lines of different cytoplasms and identical nucleus, identical cytoplasms and diversified nucleus and different cytoplasms and nucleus, are utilized, and four contents are studied in this research: 1. to screen the different fertility gene carriers and compare fertility characteristic of male sterile lines of Nian type in wheat; 2. to study inheritance on restoring performance of it; 3. to analyze the genetic mechanism of male and female gametes transferring in sterile lines and F1; 4. to establish the fast convertible breeding system of it. The results are as follows.1. By screening the non-lBL /IRS male sterile carriers of Nian type from different resources in wheat and combining with cytology identification, we can find that SP4, T.macha, 90-110, 224 are belong to the types of non-1BL /1RS male sterility. They manifest complete male sterility, and the sterility are very stable. After non-1BL /1RS male sterile carriers SP4, T.macha, 90-110, 224 are led into the allocytoplasms with Ae.kotschyi, Ae.variabilis, Ae.ventricosa and Ae.bicornis cytoplasms. The results of mensuration to their fertility restoring performances show as follows: The restoring performances of sterile carriers with Ae.kotschyi and Ae.ventricosa are quite different. The restoring degree of Alloplasms SP4 and T.macha sterile carriers respectively is lower. The range of restoring degree is wider. The C.V. is higher, and FI plants of these two sterile types appear sterility separation in genotype of special father or sterile cytoplasms. The restoring performances of Alloplasms 90-110 and 224 are fine. They don’t appear sterility separation. The C.V. is lower. Compared with SP4 and T.macha , the difference of average seed set is best significant. So 90-110 and 224 are the fine resources of maintaining lines. They have the vast prospects for making use of heterosis in wheat.2. The fertility restoring performance of the 4 male sterile lines of alloplasmic non-lBL/IRS wheat with Aegilops kotschyi, Ae.varibilis, Ae.ventricosa and Ae.bicorniscytoplasms are systematically investigated in this paper. The results are as follows: The 4 male sterile lines of alloplasmic non-1BL/1RS wheat tested are all belonged to the sterile type of both good restoration and fine maintenance performance. When the 4 male sterile lines of alloplasmic non-lBL/1RS wheat, as female parents, are testcrossed with an identical male parent or many different male parents, there is significant negative correlation between the average seed set of FI and the C.V. of the seed set among the single plant. As for the 4 male sterile lines of alloplasmic non-1BL/1RS wheat, their average seed set of F1 is influenced by its alloplasmic cytoplasm to some extent. But there is not Significance of difference among different sterile cytoplasms. Though the fertility carrier of the 4 male sterile lines of alloplasmic non-1BL/1RS wheat is the same each other, the location of fertility loci in the same linkage group, besides the male sterile type with Ae.kotschyi, Ae.varibilis cytoplasms is identical, may be different respectively.The some minor enhance gene and inhibiting gene of fertility, besides major fertility gene, are in the different karyotype of the male sterile lines and the restorer lines of 4 alloplasmic non-lBL/IRS wheat. The forms constituted and combined of gene from different parent lines is important judgement index of the fertility restoring degree of NIAN type.3. The manner of gametes transmission of non-lBL/IRS male sterile lines with Ae.kotschyi Ae.variabilis, Ae.ventricosa and Ae.bicornis cytoplasms in wheat and F1 is analyzed in this paper. Ob更多还原