【作者】 崔英；

【导师】 常庆瑞；

【作者基本信息】 西北农林科技大学 ， 土壤学， 2003， 硕士

【摘要】 当前，以诊断层和诊断特性为基础、定量化为特点的土壤系统分类是国际土壤分类的主流，定量化、标准化和统一化已成为国际土壤分类发展的大趋势，我国的土壤系统分类研究也取得了阶段性成果——中国土壤系统分类。将分类系统应用于科学研究和生产实践，使其不断发展完善，已成为我国土壤分类研究之必需。 秦岭是我国南北自然地理与环境的重要界线，自然景观在秦岭垂直方向上表现出逐渐演变和有规律的更替。多样的山地气候、生物、地形及成土母质，形成了众多的土壤类型以及土壤垂直分布差异。本研究以海拔3767m的秦岭主峰太白山南坡不同海拔高度的14个典型土壤剖面为研究对象，通过野外调查、室内理化性质分析，研究了土壤的发生特性，以《中国土壤系统分类检索（第三版）》为依据，确定了其在系统分类中的地位和分布界线。旨在为山地土壤系统分类和土壤资源开发利用提供依据。研究结果表明： 1．太白山南坡土壤的主要理化性质随海拔高度的上升呈有规律的变化：随海拔高度上升，机械组成由粉粒＞砂粒＞粘粒逐渐过渡到砂粒＞粉粒＞粘粒，海拔1600m以下出现粘化层；土壤有机质丰富，表层有机碳含量一般在20g／kg以上，有机碳含量随海拔高度升高而相应增加，海拔3500～3700m的灌丛草甸植被下有机碳含量最高；土壤呈酸性或微酸性，并随海拔上升，pH值略微降低，酸性增强，海拔2700m以上的土壤多呈盐基不饱和状态，表明土壤淋溶作用较强，pH值和盐基饱和度呈极显著正相关；土体与粘粒中的SiO₂、Al₂O₃、Fe₂O₃含量相对比较稳定，土体中SiO₂含量较高，Cao含量较少，SiO₂、Al₂O₃和Fe₂O₃含量之和约占土壤矿质部分的92％，矿质元素含量的顺序依次为：SiO₂＞Al₂O₃＞Fe₂O₃＞K₂O＞MgO＞CaO＞TiO₂＞MnO。 2．本地区土壤划分出的诊断表层有暗沃表层、暗瘠表层和淡薄表层，诊断表下层有雏形层、粘化层，诊断现象有有机现象、草毡现象，诊断特性有6个：高腐有机土壤物质、落叶有机土壤物质、土壤水分状况、土壤温度状况、铁质特性、盐基饱和度。 3．供试土壤在系统分类中划分为2个土纲，3个亚纲，6个土类；太白山南坡土壤垂直带谱结构为：铁质湿润淋溶土（＜1600m）→酸性+铁质湿润雏形土（1600～2700m）→冷凉湿润雏形土（2700～3400m）→暗沃寒冻雏形土（3400～3500m）→暗瘠寒冻雏形土（＞3500m）。 4．土壤系统分类与地理发生分类的分类结果是基本吻合的，分布界线也大体一致，说明系统分类是以土壤发生学理论为基础的，两种分类体系有密切联系。用数值分析方法检验系统分类相似性与差异性共存，表明系统分类是一种更客观、更科学的分类方法，数值分析可作为检验系统分类结果的手段。更多还原

【Abstract】 Nowdays, the international majority of soil classification is the Soil Taxonomy, which is based on the Diagnostic horizon and Diagnostic characteristics, and characterized by quantification.The tendency of soil classification in the world is quantification, standardization and intemationalization.The study of Chinese Soil Taxonomy has achieved great phase outcome-Chinese Soil Taxonomy. It is necessary to put classification system into scientific research, practice and make it consummate.Qinling Mountain is the important boundary of physical geography and environment between the south and north part of China.The natural landscape varys regularly and gradually in verticality. The various mountain climate, biology, landform and parent materiall lead to numerous soil types and different distribution of soils in verticality. Fourteen typical profiles of different altitude on the south slope of the Taibai Peak of Qinling Mountaint, which is 3767 meters in altitude, were researched in this study.By field survey, the physical and chemical characteristics anasysis of the soils, we studied thoroughly the soil Genetic, discussed the positions in Taxonomic classification and the distribution of the soils on the basis of the Keys to Chinese Soil Taxonomy (3rd edition), and to provide the foundation of Soil Taxonomy of mountain and resources development. The results indicate that:1 .The main physical and chemical characteristics vary regularly: with rising of the altitude, there is a transition from silt>sand>clay to sand>silt>clay in the mechanical composition; the Argic horizon emerges below the altitude of 1600 meters; the content of organic matter is enrichment, the content of organic carbon of epipedon is higher than 20 g/kg, while the content of organic carbon increases with increasing of altitude, and in the altitude of 3500-3700meters, the soils under the meadow have the maximum content organic carbon; the soils appear acid-slightly acid reaction, the pH decreases appreciably and acid strengthen with increasing of altitude; the soils higher than the altitude of 2500 meters are base unsaturated, indicating the soil leaching is strong, the pH and BS are distinct plus correlated; the contents of SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 of the soil body and clay areall relatively stabilization; In the soil body, the content of SiO2 is much high and CaO is very little, the total contents of SiO2 , A12O3 and Fe2O3 occupy 92 % of the mineral parts, the sequence of mineral elements is: SiO2>Al2O3>Fe2O3>K2O>MgO>CaO>TiO2>MnO.2.The Diagnostic surface horizons divided on the soils of the area are Mollic epipedon, Umbric epipedon and Ochric epipedon. The Diagnostic subsurface horizons are Cambic horizon, Argic horizon, Histic evidence and Mattic evidence.The diagnostic characteristics are Sapric soil materials, Folic soil materials, Soil moisture regimes, Soil temperature regimes, Ferric property and Base saturation.3.The soils are divided into 2 Order, 3 Suborder, 6 Groups in Soil Taxonomy; The soil vertical zone strcture of south slope Taibai Mountain is : Ferric-Udic Argosols(< 1600m) - Acidi+Ferric-Udic Cambosols(l 600 - 2700 m )- Bori-Udic Cambosols(2700 - 3400 m)-Molli-Gelic Cambosols(3400-3500m)- Umbri-Gelic Cambosols(>3500m).4.The result of Soil Taxonomy consist fundamentally with that of the genetic classification and the boundaries roughly identify with each other, indicating the taxonomic classification is based on the genesis theory and the two classification system are touched tightly. The comparability and otherness are coexist in the text of Soil Taxonomy with numerical analysis method, which indicates that Soil Taxonomy is a kind of more objective and more scientific method for soil classification, and the numerical analysis can be considered as the measure to test the Soil Taxonomy .更多还原