产品责任构成要件研究

【作者】 曹永灿；

【导师】 田土城；

【作者基本信息】 郑州大学 ， 民商法学， 2003， 硕士

【摘要】 作为产品责任构成要件问题研究的开端和理论前提，本文首先对产品责任的性质、功能和归责原则作了一般性的讨论。产品责任是从侵权法的角度出发寻找到的一个可以要求生产者或销售者对其产品缺陷所导致损害承担责任的途径，是现代侵权法发展的一个成果。对受害人加以补救、对风险加以转嫁和分散是产品责任法的主要功能，但也不能完全忽视其遏制功能的存在。在产品责任的归责问题上，严格责任原则已普遍确立。其虽有个别的、局部的调整，但扩张产品责任，加强对消费者保护仍是产品责任发展的主流。产品责任的扩张不仅表现在归责原则上，也表现在构成要件上。 产品范围的准确界定是产品责任法得以正确适用的前提。从比较法上看，各个国家对产品范围的规定并不相同，有的国家范围较宽，如美国、挪威等国家；有的国家范围较窄，如法国等。这与每个国家的经济发展状况、法律模式、政策取向等因素相关。但从整体上讲，产品范围有扩张的趋势。我国立法对产品的范围作了比较严格的限定，不仅将不动产和农产品排除在外，而且将产品仅限于有形的工业产品。因此文章的第二部分对一些特殊产品，例如智力成果、血液及其它人体组织、服务等，应否被列为我国产品责任法的调整对象做了一些讨论。 产品存在缺陷是产品责任的构成要件之一。它一方面关系到受害人能否获得赔偿；另一方面，准确认定产品是否存在缺陷，并对缺陷加以恰当分类认定，也是实现责任平衡、防止过度归责的重要环节。关于产品缺陷有三种认定标准：主观标准、客观标准和混合标准。本文认为以混合标准更为可行。缺陷可分为三类：设计缺陷、警示缺陷和制造缺陷。《美国侵权行为法第三次重述 产品责任》对设计缺陷和警示缺陷的定义作了调整值得注意。依照这一定义，设计缺陷认定需要三个条件：产品在投入流通时存在可预见的致损风险；可能存在针对该产品缺陷的合理替代设计；合理替代设计可以减少或消除该致损风险。这一认定标准有利于生产者。本部分还对我国现行《产品质量法》关于缺陷认定标准的规定进行了检讨。 本文第三部分对产品责任构成中的损害问题进行了分析。本文从比较法上考察了各国关于损害问题的规定，发现大多数国家对缺陷产品引起的人身损害、财产损失及其间接损失，明确规定予以赔偿，只是程度不等地受到限制;对于产品自身损害，则存在分歧。关于产品自身损害，一般来说，赔付方式有三种:一是在产品责任诉讼中只处理缺陷产品所造成的对受害人的人身和财产的损害，而产品自身损害只能通过合同法的途径加以解决;二是将二者放在产品责任诉讼中一并解决;三是折衷的办法。本文以为折衷的办法更为合理，对受害人的保护更为充分和便捷。此外本部分还对缺陷产品召回问题作了初步的探讨，认为缺陷产品召回作为一种不以损害为条件的责任方式，可为损害赔偿责任等责任方式的有效辛卜充。 本文第四部分讨论了产品则任构成中的因果关系问题。首先就因果关系的一般理论作了阐述。以此为基础，讨论了产品责任构成中因果关系的一些特殊规则和问题:盖然性因果关系规则、市场占有率决定因果关系规则(市场份额责任)和“合理预见性(可预见性)”原则以及“介入原因”等问题。这些特殊的规则使得受害人的举证负担被减少，产品缺陷与损害结果之间因果关系的证明更为容易，其获得保护的机率也更高。 本文最后对产品责任构成中的过错因素问题进行了重新审视。以对过错的本质和认定标准的讨论和过错在责任构成中的存在形式的初步分析为基础，重新考察了产品责任法发展过程中人们在产品责任构成问题上对过错因素的考虑及其表现。结果发现，在不断要求产品生产者承担更为严格的责任的过程中，人们并不是而且也不能将过错因素完全放置一边。为此，我们在进行新的产品责任立法和审判实践时，不能去一味的讲严格责任是世界产品责任法发展的潮流，要从我国的实际出发来决定我们的方向。更多还原

【Abstract】 The dissertation is divided into five parts.The first part is about the nature and function of products liability and rule of setting products liability.Products liability is a kind of torts liability,a way of making producers and sellers bear the duty of giving rise to damages because of defective product ,which is a result of the developing of torts liability.To remedy the harmed consumers and to attribute and divert risks is the main function of products liability,but we can’t neglect that to deter is also its function.Strict liability is the prevailing rule of products liability .Enlarging products liability and strengthening the protecting consumers is the trend of products liability’s development.Enlarging of products liability reveals not only in its rule of setting liabilty but also in its elementsThe second part is about the scope and defect of products.Setting the scope of products accurately is the base of enforcing law of products liability.There are different stipulations relating to scope of products hi different countries .Some are wide such as USA ,Norway and some are narrow such as France,which is related to their developing condition ,legal patterns and value of policy.But,to some extent scope of products is being widened. Cnina has set a strict limit to scope of products . Real property and agricultural products is beyond its scope and the scope is limited to substantial industry products.The part also discusses the problem that whether some special products such as blood ,intellectual property,and other body organ should be included in scope of Chinese law of products liability.The defect of products is a element of product liability .In one hand it concerns that if the harmed consumers can be remedied and hi another hand ,to determine and classify the defect of products properly is a key step of balancing duty .There are three standards relating to defect of products:subjective standard ,objective standard, mixed standard .The author considers that the mixed standard is rather available.Defect can be classified into three kinds : designing defect, alerting defect,producing defect.According to the definitation,there are three conditions to determine designing defectthere exists foreseeable danger in products when products are sold; there may exist alternativeresonable design ;the alternative design can reduce or dissolve defect of product .The standard is beneficial for producers.The part also rethinks the rules related to the standard of products defect.The third part analyzes damages of elements of products liability.Most countries stipulate that physical harm ,economic harm and other indirect harm caused by defected products should be restored,of course ,they are limited to different degree.However,countries have diverge on the stipulation of damages of products themselves.There are three modes on the compensation of damages of products themselvesronly physical harm and economic harm are dealt with in the suit of products liability, and damages of products themselves is dealt with by means of contract law;all are dealt with hi the suit of products liability;comprised way.The thesis considers that comprised way is more reasonable and can protect harmed parties more fully and ’ conviently .Besides this,the article discusses the calling back of defective products preliminarily,and considers that as one means of duty disregarding fault ,it can be one kind of effective supplement of liability of compensation for damages.The fourth part discusses the casual connection of elements of productsliability.Firstly,the thesis gives a overview of it.Then,it discusses some special problems:the rule of possible casual connection, market share determing casual connection(market share liability) ,reasonably foreseeblility and indirect cause.The special rules make plaintiffs’liability of providing proof lessened,the casual connection of product defect and damages more easily proved ,consumers well protected.The fifth part is about the fault of elements of products liability and the ar更多还原