【作者】 雷敏；

【导师】 惠泱河； 曹明明；

【作者基本信息】 西北大学 ， 自然地理学， 2003， 硕士

【摘要】 我国是水资源贫乏的国家、特别是黄土高原地区水危机表现尤为突出，水环境污染也比较严重，并由此产生了严重的生态环境问题。缺水和水污染及生态环境破坏已成为我国水资源可持续利用和经济持续发展的主要限制因素，水资源过度开发利用现象愈来愈普遍，由此产生的生态环境问题也越来越严重，导致上述地区生态环境不断恶化，引起人们对流域水资源与生态、环境关系和水资源可持续利用问题的关注。 由于流域是一个完整独立的生态系统，这个系统又是由不同的生态系统组成的。而系统中水量和水质的任何变化都会影响和改变其生态结构和功能，因此，流域水量和水质与生态环境是密不可分的。人类活动引起的河流径流情况的改变导致的河流水环境质量恶化和生态系统衰退，以及由此引出的生态环境需水等科学问题的探讨，主要受水与环境、生态关系的制约，因此，生态环境需水和生态环境需水量研究不但是水文学研究的前沿范畴，也是地理学当前及今后研究的前沿和热点。 本文从水环境面临的主要生态环境问题出发，以延河流域为例，探讨生态环境需水量的理论内涵和评价计算方法，研究延河流域的生态环境需水量，并预测了未来30年延河流域基于生态环境需水量的经济需水量(包括工业、农业、生活三个方面的需水量)，即该预测是在保证不再挤占生态环境需水的基础上，再满足经济用水需求的，这样可以有力的保障延河流域生态环境功能的改善，有利于流域水资源的持续利用。该研究仅是立足于延河流域这样的小流域，研究目的在于拓展水文学的理论和内涵及研究方法，拓展自然地理学在水资源与水环境研究方面的内容，为我国黄土高原，甚至于北方干旱、半干旱以及半湿润地区生态环境保护和水资源可持续利用提供借鉴。本文的主要研究成果有： (1)强调了生态环境需水研究的重要性，尤其是在黄土高原这个水土流失严重、植被稀疏、人口密集、经济落后的地区生态环境需水研究的重要意义； (2)较为全面的分析介绍了国内外生态环境需水的概念、内涵、分类、研究动态、研究内容及生态环境需水量的计算方法； (3)对延河流域生态系统进行了划分，对河道外的生态环境需水量计算采用了生态用水定额法进行计算，得出了延河流域河道外生态环境需水量； （4）考虑到水资源具有“一水多用”的功能，对延河流域河道内生态环境需水量进行了计算及修正，在计算过程中以计算的大值作为其河道内的生态环境需水； （5）采用开发度的概念及模型对延河流域现有的水资源开发利用程度进行了计算，得出延河流域目前的开发利用是属于可持续利用的； K）对延河流域未来 30年基于生态环境需水量的经济需水进行了预测，得出延河流域未来30年的不挤占生态环境需水的经济需水； 门）针对延河流域生态环境问题，提出了关于延河流域生态环境重建（恢复）的几点建议。 本文共分六个部分进行论述。首先阐述了生态环境需水的内涵，并从国内外学者研究生态环境需水的内容和目的入手，介绍了当前生态环境需水的概念、研究内容、生态环境需水分类、生态环境需水量的计算方法等。其次从自然、社会两个方面介绍了延河流域的社会经济、生态环境特点，并进行了流域水资源评价，还针对延河流域水资源特点及生态环境问题，提出了一些建设性建议。再次对延河流域生态系统进行了分类。随后首先以生态用水定额法计算了不同生态系统生态环境需水量，该部分是流域河道外生态环境需水的值，其次计算了流域河道内生态环境需水量。然后预测了基于生态环境需水的延河流域未来30年的经济需水。最后是结论、讨论和建议部分。更多还原

【Abstract】 China is one of the countries facing the problem of water crisis, especially in the Northwest China and in Loess Plateau. Water pollution issues are very serious at the same time in the areas. Both water deficiency and pollution have resulted in obvious ecological degradation and environmental problems. All of them have become the main restrict factors for the sustainable utilization of water resource and economic development in China. Over-exploitation of water has also become normal phenomena. Then the ecological degradation and environmental issues are getting worse, which has attracted people’s attention to the relationship among water resources, ecology and environment as well as sustainable water development.River basin is an integrated ecological system. Since it consists of many other ecological systems, the changes on qualities and quantities of water will lead to the structure and function change of the whole ecological system. The changes have been led by the activities of Human Beings, which including of ecological degradation and environmental problems. And more attentions have been put on those changes. So the researches of the eco-environmental water and the consumption of eco-environmental water have been the hotpoints and forelands in the future.In this thesis, the studies focusing on the main ecological and environmental issues in water problems, with the YanHe Basin as study area, the ecological and environmental water demand of YanHe Basin was calculated. The economic water demand in industry, agriculture and living in 30 years later was forecasted. Therefore it has great significance for the progress of Hydrology and Geography. Its also can be a case study for ecological protection and the sustainable utilization of water resource in Loess Plateau and in Northwest China in practice. The main results are as follows:(1) The importance of eco-environmental water is emphasized, especially in Loess Plateau;(2) The concept, classification, researching advances of eco-environmental waterand the calculating method of consumption of eco-environmental water is introduced;(3) On the basis of classification of ecosystems, the consumption of eco-environmental water outside YanHe channel was calculated;(4) Considering the functions of water resource, the consumption of eco-environmental water inside YanHe channel was amended;(5) By the use of the conception and the model of the development threshold, the degree of water resource’s exploitation and utilization in YanHe basin was achieved, which expressed that the current condition belongs to a kind of sustainable development pattern;(6) The future 30 years ’s economic water demand was forecasted, which is based on the consumption of the eco-environmental water;(7) Based on the ecological and environmental problems in YanHe basin, some advice was pointed out.This thesis consists of seven parts. The first part is the connotation and definition of the eco-environmental water. The second part is the importance and necessity of the eco-environmental water in arid and semi-arid areas. The third part is the nature and social characteristics of YanHe Basin. The fourth part is the classification of the ecological systems of YanHe Basin. The fifth part is the calculation of the consumption of the eco-environmental water demand of YanHe Basin. The sixth part is the forecasting of economic water demand in 30 years later in YanHe Basin based on the research of the eco-environmental water demand. The last part is the discussion and advice.更多还原