合肥地区蔬菜膜下滴灌的节水效应及增收机理研究

【作者】 倪明；

【导师】 郁家成；

【作者基本信息】 安徽农业大学 ， 气象学， 2003， 硕士

【摘要】 干旱缺水是全球性生态问题之一，也是农业减产的最重要因子。我国位于世界著名的东亚季风区，大陆性季风气候显著，所以旱灾频繁、范围广、危害大。农业灌溉是用水大户，目前我国每年用水总量约5000亿m³，其中农业用水占87％，我国农业每年用水馈缺300亿m³，同时我国农业用水主要方式以大水漫灌，粗放用水为主，农业用水利用率仅为45％，远低于发达国家。江淮分水岭地区，由于位置和地形特殊，长期干旱缺水，致使农业特别是蔬菜种植业受到很大的制约，不仅影响农业产业结构调整，而且农民收入也深受影响。面对加入WTO的历史性机遇，蔬菜产业应当尽快发展起来。“膜下滴灌”是现代的地膜覆盖栽培技术和新型的滴灌栽培技术相结合的农业生产方式，不仅降低了作物的需水量，而且还能调节地温、提高产量。国内外在此领域的研究大多是对于滴灌技术本身的研究，而对于膜下滴灌技术的水分效应、节水机理研究还不充分；另外膜下滴灌技术在江淮分水岭地区适用性的研究还很少，还需要进一步的探讨。 为进行膜下滴灌栽培技术节水效应及增收机理等问题的研究，笔者于2002年——2003年在合肥的安徽农业大学果园场、安徽省农业科学研究院进行试验。试验选取了番茄、大蒜、黄瓜等作为供试材料，采用大田和盆栽相结合的方式，设置了4个处理，分别为：T₁为膜下滴灌处理，T₂为无覆盖滴灌处理，T₃为地面覆盖处理，CK为传统对照处理，每个处理3个重复。运用农业气象学、土壤学、蔬菜栽培学、农业数理统计学、应用数学等知识分析膜下滴灌对土壤水分效应、温度、蔬菜生长状况、水分生产率及相应的灌水量的影响，研究蔬菜膜下滴灌栽培方式的节水效应、增收机理及效益等，并作出模糊综合评判：明确经济合理的节水栽培方式，阐明了“膜下滴灌”栽培节水效应和增收机理，并探讨其增收效益构成，总结分析膜下滴灌栽培模式和方法，就膜下滴灌节水效应、研究方法及在江淮分水岭地区应用等作一些讨论，最后主要结果如下： 1．不同蔬菜的试验结果都表明：在江淮分水岭地区蔬菜膜下滴灌栽培模式和无覆盖滴灌、覆盖地膜灌溉、传统灌溉相比，土壤水分消耗量小于后三者，番茄的T₁处理较CK和T₂节水率分别为33％和12％，大蒜T₁处理较CK和T₃节水率分别为36％和24％。 2．不同的灌溉模式所产生的水分效应十分明显，黄瓜的株高、叶片的大小、根瓜采摘时间和长势都有差别。结果证明：膜下滴灌处理的黄瓜各方面均优于其他处理，黄瓜的结果期提前7天。 3．不同灌溉模式导致了产量的差别：膜下滴灌处理的产量水平最高，无覆滴灌栽培次之，以番茄为例，比传统处理分别高出35.6％和13.2％。膜下滴灌的栽培增收节支效果最好。 4．不同处理对水分生产率有差别：膜下滴灌栽培方式下的蔬菜水分生产率最高，番茄（大田）的水分生产率比传统栽培处理的要高出 87％；大蒜（盆栽）的水分生产率要比传统栽培处理高出111％。 5．不同栽培方式的经济效益分析表明：规模化膜下滴灌栽培的生产成本增加额的摊平在’300—400元／亩·年，而增收节支的效益在 3000—4000元／亩·年，长期投资的成本回收期不到1年。 6．黄褐土的水分滴灌试验表明：以流速ZL／h，灌水定额为4L的滴灌土壤在12h后，30’5以上的【域主要集中在水平0—15cm，垂直方向的0—35cm之内，其水平直径和下渗深度之比为0厂11：1，水分汇集在滴灌点周围，便于水分被植株利用。 7．对于膜下滴灌栽培方式的增收机理进行综合阐述：覆盖地膜有利于改善土壤水分分布，减少了水分无效蒸发，促进了有效蒸腾，调节地温；滴灌则减少了地表径流和下渗的水分损耗，并使土壤水分有规律地分布在根的周围，改善了地温，促进了植株的发育。更多还原

【Abstract】 It is the most important global underproduction factor at the agriculture that Inp is arid , because our country lies in the world-famous monsoon district of east Asia. Belong to remarkable continental monsoon climate relying mainly on drought drought suffer from waterlogging calamity it has to be frequent to take place number of times, continuously chronic, range wide, endanger large our country lower region of water resource extremely uneven to distribute laws naturally,, The whole country 47% land in arid with half arid area, this kind water resource of the area account for 7% the whole country only. Our country agriculture present and lack 30 billion m3 with water every year. Under the mechanism of WTO, the agricultural development of our country faces enormous opportunity and challenge, " it is one kind among them , simple and practical, as its name suggests to drip irrigation under the membrane, It modern cover plastic film culture and dripping irrigation the mode of production of agricultural irrigation that technology combine together new-type, Not only the pouring water amount reduces by a large margin , but also the quality of the vegetables, output improves, output your content! Exam accord with of our country river the Huaihe River crop cultivation high-quality principle and request of high-efficient development, vegetables of area, not merely, Can offer a train of thought for river the Iluaihe River agricultural structural adjustment, district of watershed.And the Huaihe River popularization of area make some theory and practice discussion of in river for water- saving culture.Jiang-Huai Watershed Region, because of location and topography special, long-term arid is short of water, cause agriculture, get great restriction especially vegetable planting field, not only affect agricultural industrial structural adjustment, also peasant income is also the historic good fortune of WTO deep by influence, face join , river Huai the vegetable estate of region should develop as soon as possible, vegetable, is people live in essential , contain rich nutrition source food, drip under membrane fill is a kind of suitable extending efficiency of self region the measure of water saving.This experiment in 2002 . 2003 in the Anhui agricultural university orchard of Hefei site and Anhui province agricultural scientific research institute , frequently green town agricultural demonstration garden 3 plastic big sheds go on . test have selected tomato, garlic and cucumber is for examination material, fall with big field and basin way, have installed 3 . 4 handlings, is respectively: T1 drip under membrane fill handling, T 2 cover drop for having no fill handling, T 3 cover handling for ground, CK compare handling for tradition, every handling repeat three times, set different irrigation way according to the growth stage of difference and different vegetable crop, pass for every index of soil moisture condition and crop growth condition survey , study with agricultural meteorology , soil science and vegetable culture study , agricultural mathematical statistics and application mathematics etc. subject knowledge study and analyse membrane drip fill grow up and increase revenue for vegetable mechanism, have compared different handling for the influence of soil moisturc,temperature and output, last with raise economic benefits is goal, select conform with river Huai the planting irrigation pattern of watershed region, at the same time also save for me unfold the agriculture of water saving on the contrary offer the theory of science basis, major result summary is as follows;1.The test result of different vegetable show : in river Huai drip under watershed region vegetable membrane fill culture pattern with have no cover drop fill and cover land membrane irrigation and traditional irrigation compare with , soil moisture and the factor of temperature is better than 3 rear , the 1 T reasons of tomato is 33% and 12% respectively than T 3 and the CK rate of water saving, garlic is 36% and 24%.2.The irrigation更多还原