1923—1937年间日本对山东的经济侵略述论

【作者】 胡静；

【导师】 黄尊严；

【作者基本信息】 曲阜师范大学 ， 世界史， 2003， 硕士

【摘要】 1922年华盛顿会议后，中日两国围绕山东问题先后签定了一系列条约，根据这些条约，日军撤出了山东，山东的主权名义上交还了中国，但作为交换条件，日本仍保留了大量的侵略特权。这些特权，就为日本继续在山东进行经济扩张奠定了基础。因此，1923年以后，日本对山东的侵略方式也发生了改变，即由直接的军事掠夺转变为隐蔽的经济侵略，直至1937年日本发动全面侵华战争。本文以1923——1937年间日本对山东的经济侵略为研究对象，揭露了日本疯狂掠夺山东资源、破坏山东经济的历史事实。全文共分三大部分：日本对山东侵略方式的转变、日本对山东经济侵略的概况以及日本对山东经济侵略造成的后果。 第一部分主要探讨了日本在山东侵略方式的转变及其原因。1922年后，日本不得不将山东“归还”给中国，但其并不甘心丧失在山东的侵略权益，仍利用条约的规定保留了大量的特权，尤其是经济方面的权利。这样，日本就改变了侵略方式，以经济侵略为主，军事侵略为辅。这一时期日本对山东的经济侵略，主要采取两种途径：一是充分利用条约规定的特权，并力图扩大之；二是培植买办势力，勾结山东军阀，维护在山东的日商利益。 第二部分对日本在山东进行的经济侵略的实况进行了全面叙述，并分析了其特点。日本通过对工矿业、农业、商业、金融业，交通运输业等行业的控制，继续操纵着山东的经济命脉。 工业方面，日本主要采取两种方式：一是以“中日合办”的名义进行资本输出。通过这种方式进行经济侵略，既可以利用中国的人力、物力和资金，弥补日本资源的不足，又可以突破中国对外国投资的限制。这一时期在山东“中日合办”的重点是矿业，日本利用这种合办公司，盗取了山东大量的矿产资源，本文以鲁大公司为例，探讨了日本的这种侵略方式。二是直接投资，在“合办”的同时，日本也没有放弃在山东的直接投资。这一时期日本在山东投资最多的是纺织工业，到1937年，日本在山东已经开设了9家纱厂，以绝对的优势垄断了青岛及山东的纺织业。 农业方面，日本一方面大肆掠夺农产品，对其需要的农业原料进行垄断收购，如花生和棉花的收购完全在日本的控制之下；另一方面干预农业生产，在山东最主要的就是．控制植棉事业。日本为满足本国纺织工业的发展需要，强迫山东农民种植棉花，采取各种措施改良棉种，控制棉花的生产和销售。 商业方面，日本一方面操纵着山东的对外贸易，继续倾销商品和掠夺原料，另一方面还进行走私活动。中国收回山东后，青岛港的对外贸易虽已不再为日本所独占，但仍为日本所操纵。而且日本对山东的贸易是极不平等的，日本通过青岛港大肆倾销商品和掠夺原料，通过工农产品价格的“剪刀差”牟取了巨额的商业利润。除了利用合法的手段与山东进行贸易外，日本还在山东进行非法的走私活动。特别是“丸·一八”事变后，山东更成为了华北走私的中。C，1933年从大连走私过来的物品 64％进。了山东。日本在这一时期走私出口的主要翩元、银元等贵重金属，走私进口物品则五花／＼．门，无所不包，以至于“无物不私”。日本在山东的走私活动，破坏了正当贸易，扰乱了市场秩序，造成了关税流失。 金融方面，日本以银行为大本营，通过存放款、汇兑、贷款等业务，控个州东的金融。华资银行虽众多，但资金薄弱，无法与资本雄厚且享有特权的日本银行相抗衡。日本银行不仅垄断了存放款业务，控制了商业汇兑，还在山东滥发纸币，排挤华资银行，严重破坏了中国币制的统 交通运输业方面，主要表现在日本控制了胶济铁路货运和青岛港的航运。胶济铁路东起青岛，西至济南，是山东境内重要的交通干线。日本控制了它，不仅可以调兵遣将，更重要的是，胶济铁路使山东经济与日本发生直接联系，成为其倾销商品和掠夺原料的工具。中国收回山东后，日本利用条约规定的特权，继续控制着胶济铁路，铁路的运输也主要为日本服务。青岛港也是如此，无论在商业一J益上还是军事利益上，对日本来说都至关重要，没有青岛港，日本就失去了进出山东的大门。 多中国收回山东后，日本仍控制着青岛港的航运，其经营的航线，一直占据着绝对的优势。 第三部分分析了日本侵略对山东经济造成的影响。山东的民族工商业在日本帝国主义的经济侵略之下，呈现出前所未有的衰败景象，山东人民的生活状况也日益恶化。日本对山东的经济侵略，严重摧残了山东经济；阻碍了山东经济的发展，造成了近代山东的贫困落后。 总之，1923—一1937年间日本在山东的经济侵略，只是其全面侵略中国的一个缩影。它既与日本准备全面侵华战争相关联，又为以后日本对山东更大赚的掠夺作了准备；“七·七”事变后，日本对山东的经济侵略进入了一个更为疯狂和野蛮的时期。更多还原

【Abstract】 After the Washington meeting in 1922, a series of treaties were singed by China and Japan around Shandong problem. According to these treaties, Japanese troops withdraw from Shandong. The sovereignty of Shandong was given back to China in name, but Japan has still kept down vast privileges as exchange. These privileges established foundation for Japan to continue his economic expandation in Shandong. Since then, the Japanese invade fashion was also changed, the directly military invade was taken place by the concealment economic invade until Japan launched the completely China-Japan war in 1937. This paper investigated Japanese economic aggression in 1923-1937, uncovered the historical facts that Japan plundered resources and destroyed economy in Shandong .The paper has three parts: the change of Japanese invade fashion in Shandong, the survey of Japanese economic invade and the aftereffect of Japan’s economic aggression.The first part mainly discuss the change of the Japan’s invade fashion. Japan had to return Shandong to China after 1922.But Japan didn’t reconciled to lose his invade rights and interests in Shandong and Japan still reserved many privileges according to the treaties, especially the economic privileges, In this way, Japan changed his invade fashion which mainly on economy and military affairs was assist. In this period, Japan’s economic aggression in Shandong had two approaches: one is takenfull advantage of privileges in the treaties and tied to expand; the other was maintenance the Japanese businessman’s interests in Shandong by implanted the comprador forces and colluding warlord of Shandong.A general presentation on Japanese economic aggression in Shandong was given in the second part. Japan still dominated Shandong’s industry, mining, agriculture, commerce, finance, traffic and transportation, so Japancontinue manipulated Shandong’s economy.Industry: Japan adopted two manners capital export under "combination of China and Japan" is one of the manner. In this manner, Japan can utilize Chinese manpower, material resources and capital to remedy Japan’s resource shortage. It can also break through China’s restriction on foreign investment. In this period, the combination in Shandong mainly contributed in mining industry. Using this manner, Japan purloined lot of mining resources. In this paper, we took Luda company as an example and discussed Japan’s aggression. Direct investment is the other manner. Japan didn’t give up direct investment in Shandong through the combination was the main fashion. Japan’s most investment contributed on spin industry in this period. Japan had already built nine cotton mills till 1937 and monopolized the Shandong’s spin industry with absolute superiority.Agriculture: Japan plundered primary products without restraint, the raw material of agriculture that Japan needed were purchased completely. For example, the purchase of peanut and cotton was completely controlled by Japan. At the same time, Japan also interfered agriculture production, controlling the plant of the cotton in Shandong is Japan’s mainly purpose. Japan forced Shandong’s farmers to plant cotton, adopt all kinds of measures to improve the quality of the cotton seeds and control cotton’s produce and sell, so that, it could meet the demand of Japan’s spin industry.Business: Japan manipulated Shandong’s external trade and kept on dumping and robbing resources. At the same time, Japan carried through smuggle. Since China took back Shandong province, Japan still manipulated the external trade of Qingdao harbor through it could not monopolize. The trade between Japan and Shangdong was unequal. By dumping and plundering material in Qingdao harbor, Japan obtained substantive profits. After "jiu "event, Shandong was the smuggle central of Huabei and 64%smuggle goods coming from Dalian had entered Shandongsince 1933. The main smuggle goods exporting to Japan in this period were valuable metals, such as copper, silver and so on. Smuggle goods from Japan were so many that "everything can sm更多还原