【作者】 潘定武；

【导师】 魏耕原；

【作者基本信息】 陕西师范大学 ， 中国古代文学， 2003， 硕士

【摘要】 司马迁的《史记》堪称史学与文学的联壁。《史记》不但首次以人物为中心，且将人物置于广阔的背景中来展现历史风云，更将其思想与情感融于人事之中。《史记》在史传文学上取得了前无古人，后乏来者的高度。虽然古代及现代以来，发掘《史记》艺术成就者代不乏人，且成果丰硕，然而，《史记》的文学成就，尤其在写人方面，仍有发掘不尽的宝藏。本文即尽量在前人基础上，对《史记》写人成就作力所能及的探讨。 本文不求全面论及《史记》写人成就，仅主要围绕其人物典型化的特质，就其人物传记整体命意、布局谋篇上若干突出之点和其刻画人物方法原则上的一些特点及体现，略陈己见。而《史记》首先仍是一部历史著作，探讨其文学成就，始终不能脱离其史学特质，尤其是作者的著史目的。换言之，本文所论，即《史记》如何将以人明史与以文运史完美结合，以达史文之联壁。 本文分以下几部分论述： 一、《史记》写人成就取得的基础。司马迁继承发展了先秦至汉初渐趋觉醒的人本主义思想，又胸怀高旷，参古酌今，以人明史，确立了以人为历史的中心。作者在文学上吸收并开拓了先秦历史散文等的写人成果，而其独特的身心体验更不容忽视。士人心态与李陵之祸的重击给了作者以巨大的创作内驱力。离开深厚的思想、文化根基及史迁独特的心理基础，《史记》写人成就的取得是不可思议的。 二、人物的系统化与典型化。司马迁以大历史的眼光，将所写各类历史人物经通盘之考虑，作系统化安排，既侧重于选择伟烈奇节之士，更有意描写了历史中各类型的代表人物。作者在典范遵循历史事实，严格区别史实与非史实的同时，又通过妙笔点化，以文运史，突出历史人物的复杂个性，并注入作者个性化的情感，使人物呈现出独特的造型。《史记》写人的系统化，是作者以人明史的重要体现，而其人物的典型化，更是作者“成一家之言”的核心内容之一。 三、《史记》人物传记的整体命意与布局谋篇。其总体布局宏大而富于立体生命感，所创五体既相互独立，更相互补充。每体之中，结构既有法度，又灵活多变。《史记》之体大思精，如一株参天大树，以历史人物为主干，汇聚千姿百态的历史内容，总体意脉既清晰可见，内容又立体交叉、相互发明。其有法度而能通变，有如殿堂般宏伟富丽而无其森严壁垒。《史记》单篇传记也多精谋巧构，长篇短制，均能聚焦于文眼，统摄于主脑，运用各种艺术手法，使气脉通连，形神一致，达到文如其人甚或文如其所写之人的效果。 四、在刻画人物心性方面，由于司马迁从不满足于简单地记录历史，而是以自己独到的眼光去审察历史及历史人物，因而所写人物既保持了历史真实性，又带有鲜明的理想色彩。作者通过大量独特的言行，特别是细节和心理描写，使人物妍丑自现，作者丰富的情感亦多蕴含于其中。历史人物独特的心性与作者个性化倩感的成功对撞，构成了《史记》人物典型化的最具体与最真实的内核，也使《史记》成为一座写人艺术的丰碑乃至心灵的丰碑。 通过以上分析可以看出，《史记》写人成就的取得是人文精神的凝聚、民族文化整合的结果，它体现了司马迁超卓的历史眼光与高度的艺术创造力。作者将“实录”精神与以人明史的宗旨相结合，使《史记》达到了史文合一的化境。在其整体著史目的支配下，《史记》构思立体宏伟，写人又多精谋巧构，心性毕现，体现真实性与复杂性的统一，达到典型化的高度。《史记》杰出的写人成就证明了伟大的历史著作绝不是纯客观的历史记录，而是要以批判的眼光、丰富的情感注入其中，使历史成为真正意义的人的历史。更多还原

【Abstract】 "The Records of History" by Sima Qian can be safely regarded as a perfect combination of history and literature. It is in this book that at the first time, viewed from a vast social context, characters assume a central position, mirroring historical changes, and that thoughts and emotions are woven into character and events. Within the history-biography literature, "the Records of History" occupies an unprecedented status. Although the artistic value of the book has been fruitfully explored by many both in the past and at the present, the literary achievement, especially in depicting characters is far from been exhausted. With reference to the previous study, this thesis aims at a possible inquiry into the achievement of the Records of History in terms of depicting characters.Instead of covering all the details, the present study is to concentrate on these problems: typification of characters, intention of figure biography as a whole, overall arrangement of the book, principle for describing characters. As a historical works first and foremost, "the Records of History" can by no means be discussed without considering its historical property and the author’s historical intention in particular. In other words, what this thesis is to talk about is how history and literature appear in unity in the book.The thesis will develop the discussions from the following aspects:First, foundation for successful character depiction. With a critical inheritance to the awakening humanistic ideas from pre-Qin to early Han dynasity, Sima Qian first established man as the center of history. So far as literature is concerned, the author absorbed and widened the achievements in depicting characters from pre-Qin history prose, while his special personal experience cannot be neglected, either. The mentality as a scholar and disaster related to Li Ling served as a great driving force for his creation. The achievement in describing characters world have been unthinkable without the deep thoughts and cultural roots as well as the particular psychology of Sima Qian himself.Second, systematization and typitication of characters. Starting from macro-history, Sima Qian took into account all kinds of historical figures, elite and representives of the common. Following historical facts and distinguishing them from non-historical ones,Sima Qian created some unique characters who were enriched by his personal feelings. The systematic record of historical figures well demonstrates the very idea of Sima Qian, i.e., Man reflecting history. And the typification of characters is one of the central substance of his ideal as "establishing his own unique theory".Third, intention and overall arrangement of figure biography. "The Records of History" is grand in terms of its whole arrangement, and full of vitality. The five-types are both independent and supplemented with each other. The structure of each type follows a certain rule, but is flexible as well. With superior text-types and rich ideas, "the Records of History" is just like a towering tree, which takes historical figures as its trunk, gathering the colorful substance of history. Prominent as the central idea is, the content crosses and as a whole interacts. Norm-governed, yet variable, the Records of History is also similar to a palace, magnificent, but free from close guard. The individual biographies, well-knitted, can focus on the main idea. Through various artistic techniques, form and spirit are so fused that the characters described are as truthful as or better than the real figures.Fourth, as to the property of characters, Sima Qian, rising above the simple record of history, perceived history and historical figures in his own way. Therefore, the characters not only retain the historical truthfulness, but also present the color of ideal. Through plenty of exceptional words and actions, especially details and psychological descriptions, the author presented the figures as they are, and fused into his own feelings. The unique personality of historical figures and the aut更多还原