【作者】 刘国蓉；

【导师】 曾志华；

【作者基本信息】 陕西师范大学 ， 中国古代文学， 2003， 硕士

【摘要】 咏物诗是中国古典诗歌中一个重要的门类，自《诗经》时代就已有了咏物诗的萌芽，至唐代，咏物诗的发展进入了它的成熟与繁荣期，晚唐咏物诗是这一时期的一个重要阶段。不仅数量众多，据笔者统计约2889首，占了唐代咏物诗总量的近二分之一，而且质量优秀，涌现出了为数不少的名家名作。这一时期的咏物诗，在题材、思想内涵及艺术方面都取得了一定的成就，较前代有所突破。本文试图从这三方面入手，分析晚唐咏物诗所取得的成绩。 本文分四个部分，第一部分，唐前咏物诗发展线索及晚唐咏物诗概况。简要介绍自《诗经》时代至晚唐咏物诗的发展脉络，并对晚唐咏物诗概况作大致介绍。 第二部分，晚唐咏物诗在题材上的特征。晚唐咏物诗题材范围扩大，种类繁多，共涉及六类共二百余种物，所咏之物多为柔弱细微之物。具体而言，晚唐咏物诗在题材上呈现三个特点：自然界之物居多，自然界之物中又以弱小者居多，表现出有异于传统的鲜明个性；呈此消彼长之势，既反映在所咏之物形象气质的消长方面，更反映在所咏之物数量的消长方面；所咏之物多为带有悲剧性色彩之物。晚唐咏物诗在题材上表现出来的对琐细之物与具悲剧色彩之物的偏好的特征，是社会时代心理与创作主体审美情趣的反映。 第三部分，晚唐咏物诗的思想内涵及文人情感。咏物诗必有寄托，在咏物中寄寓个人遭际及家国之忧，是咏物诗的重要内容。晚唐咏物诗多是此类寄托遥深、有丰厚思想内涵的作品。从大的方面来讲，此类作品一为托物讽世，内容多讽刺社会丑恶，揭露社会矛盾。藩镇军阀的罪恶，官僚政治的黑暗，统治阶级的丑恶，各类小人的奸佞，社会习气的奢侈，压制摧残人才的黑暗时局，战争的残酷，民族矛盾的尖锐都是诗人们托物以讽的对象。正所谓“愤世嫉邪意，寄在草木虫”，在花、鸟、虫、鱼等小小“物”的身上，寄寓着诗人对社会、政治重大问题的思考。所寄者小，所托者大，并且由于诗人对国家前途已不抱多少希望，因而此类诗作往往冷嘲多于热讽，诅咒多于批评。毫无疑问，政治的黑暗，朝政的腐败，统治者的丑恶，是托物讽世诗产生的客观基础，而士人因怀才不遇、进身无阶或忧祸惧害而导致的心理压抑和情感怨愤，则是它产生的主观条件。从中我们不仅看到了晚唐社会的千疮百孔，而且体味到了诗人无情的嘲讽与愤怒的谴责。另一类为托物抒怀，诗人们在借物以寄寓个人遭际的基础上，抒发了对社会、人生的深沉感慨，融入时代乱离的内涵，具有鲜明的时代特征。诗人们有高远的理想抱负，高尚的人格节操，却怀才不遇，漂泊流离，使得他们哀怨愁苦；面对岁华流逝，功业无成以及社会人事的衰颓，他们感伤幽怨。从中我们不仅可以看到诗人自己的影子，而且感受到了个体生命在动乱时代的悲哀，感受到了时代的衰颓没落在诗人们心中留下的阴影。 第四部分，晚唐咏物诗的艺术。艺术上，晚唐咏物诗既有对传统的继承，又有自己的独到之处，在形与神，物与我，物与情关系的处理上达到了一个更高的层次。在形与神的关系上，晚唐咏物诗既有形神兼备者，又有离形取神者，是咏物诗在形神关系处理上的一种新发展。在此基础上，晚唐咏物诗更注重对艺术境界的追求。在物与我的关系上，晚唐咏物诗脱离了早期物、我比附的明显痕迹，注重物与人的融合统一，物我浑融，艺术上达到了更高的层次。在物与情的关系上，晚唐咏物诗托物传情，手法多样，极大增强了作品的艺术感染力。体裁上，各体兼备，以五七言律绝为主，既体现了诗体本身演进的自然规律，又契合了时代精神气象与文人心理。 总之，晚唐咏物诗是咏物诗发展的一个重要阶段，它的成就是不可低估的。更多还原

【Abstract】 Poetry chanting things , a major branch in Chinese classical poetry, emerged in the age of Book of songs , and flourished in Tang Dynasty. In late Tang , there appeared many, such poems, according to my survey, 2889, half of those in the whole dynasty. Not only large in number , but excel lent in content. During the important phase , poetry chanting things marched forward greatly in topics, content as well as styles, and surmounted those in previous ages .Poetry chanting things in late Tang have a wider range in both variety and style. They concern more than 200 matters in all from six categories, and aim more often at tender, delicate things . To be more specific, such poems display 3 characteristics of their own: one, they centre mostly on those feeble ones and mostly those from nature; Second, they present an alternate rise and fall both in the image of the things they praise and even more in the number of them; third , the things they praise are often of a tragic sense. poetry chanting things in late Tang , their trends toward trifles in topics and preference for things of a tragic color, are reflections of social psychology and personal aesthetic taste.Poets project their own experience , their care for the nation and future prospects into their poems , which are usually meaningful and rich in thoughts. From a broadview , such poems are , on the one hand , to satirize the ugly facts in society and to disclose social contradictions by means of praising certain object like a weed, an insect , etc. It’s just on this "little "things that is placed the author’s consideration over social and political problems, such poems are more satirical in cold tones and more curses than mockery only , because the poets have little future vision about his nation , From their poems , not only can we see the scars and sores in late Tang , but also the poets, satine and wrathful denouncements , on the other hand, such poems are used to express the poets, own ideal, and their perception of society and life, thus keep pace with the current age . From these poems, We can also the poets’ projections, together with their personal sorrows in an unstable world, and the shadow of that decayed times in their heart .In artistic way , poetry chanting things in late Tong , a successor to traditions, have also their own char acteristics. They’ve achieved a lot in dealing with the connections between styles and spirits, objects and personal internal feelings, matters .And emotions , The genre, always versatile , centre mainly on Lu Shi and Jue Ju in 5 and 7 words which show the natural evaluation of the poem itself , the accordance with the watchword of the time and the poets’ mentality ,Meanwhile, the drawing in Tang to some extent influence the development of poetry chanting things.To Summarize in a word , poetry chanting things in late Tang , close effect can’t be understanded, is an important phase step in poetry chanting things ’s history.更多还原