【作者】 黄俊丽；

【导师】 李洪连；

【作者基本信息】 河南农业大学 ， 植物病理学， 2000， 硕士

【摘要】 用8种不同有机改良剂处理土壤，在盆栽和小区试验条件下研究了它们对棉花黄萎病的防治效果。盆栽试验结果表明：几丁质、豆秸粉、绿肥等几种有机改良剂对棉花黄萎病的防效较好，其中以几丁质防效最高，收获期达72.21％；豆秸粉和绿肥次之，分别为60.02％和54.38％；稻壳和酵素菌的防效为49.02％和35.25％；粪肥、饼肥和麦秸的防效较差，分别为20.51％、17.92％和11.47％。小区的试验结果与盆栽试验结果基本一致，仍以几丁质防效最高，为62.26％；豆秸粉和绿肥次之，为58.78％和51.68％；稻壳和酵素菌肥的防效为44.17％和41.84％；麦秸、粪肥和饼肥的防效较差，分别为36.95％、36.05％和20.11％。 对于有机改良剂的防病机制，作者研究了其对微生物区系的调节作用、对棉株内酚类和糖类物质含量的影响和对病原菌的直接抑制作用。在微生态抗性机制方面，通过对土壤和根际微生物区系分析发现，有机改良剂对土壤和根际微生物区系(包括微生物的数量、种类和优势种)的调节作用很大，防效愈好，其根际微生物的数量相对较多，微生物区系组成更为复杂，优势种也发生相应变化，如几丁质和豆秸粉处理土壤后，棉花根际真菌中常见的优势种为葡萄穗霉(Stachybotrys chartarum)、鲜绿青霉(Penicillium viridicatum)、淡紫色拟青霉(Paecilomyces lilacinus)、露湿漆斑菌(Myrothecium roridum)和枝顶孢霉(Acremonium kiliense)等，而饼肥、粪肥等防效较差的处理和CK，其棉花根际真菌中常见的优势种为冻土毛霉(Mucor hiemalis)、黑根霉(Rhizopus nigricans)、葡萄穗霉(Stachybotrys chartarum)和鲜绿青霉(Penicillium viridicatum)等，说明其防效与对根际和土壤中微生物区系调节作用有关。利用平板对峙法测定了不同处理棉花根际真菌和放线菌区系各成员与棉花黄萎病菌的生态关系，发现防效较好的处理，其棉花根际真菌和放线菌区系中对黄萎病菌具有抑制作用的真菌和放线菌。的比率都明显高于对照。 通过对现蕾期和花铃期棉株组织中的糖类物质（可溶性糖）和酚类物质（主要是二元酚）分析发现，在现蕾期，除豆秸粉和酵素菌使棉花叶内酚类物质含量稍微降低外，其它处理都使其增加，除施用豆秸粉和稻壳使根内酚类物质含量降低外，其它处理都使其增加；在花铃期，粪肥和麦秸使叶内酚类物质含量稍微降低，其它均使其增加，除饼肥和麦秸使根内酚类物质含量稍微降低外，其它处理都使其增加。另外，研究结果还发现，不管是根内还是叶内，总的来说，问一处理花铃期的酚类物质含量都高于现蕾期，叶内酚类物质含量都高于根内。绿肥使现蕾期和花铃期棉株根内糖类物质含量明显增加，稻壳使花铃期棉株根内糖类物质含量增加较多，其它处理不明显；除豆秸使使现蕾期叶内糖类物质稍微降低外，其他处理都使其有不同程度的增加，所有处理使花铃期叶内内糖类物质含量降低。综合防效来看，有机改良剂对棉花黄萎病的防治效果与棉株组织中的酚类物质含量有一定关系，即与其呈正相关，而与糖类物质含量的关系不明显． 测定不同有机改良剂浸出液对棉花黄萎病菌的抱子和微菌核萌发以及对菌丝生长的影响，发现不同有机改良剂的浸出液对病原菌的抱子和微菌核萌发及对菌丝生长都有不同程度的抑制作用，且其对棉花黄萎病的防效与对病原菌的抑制作用呈正相关。更多还原

【Abstract】 The control effects of eight kinds of organic amendments on cotton Vert id Ilium wilt were investigated in squaring, boll and harvest stage respectively in pot and plots. Chitin (crab shell powder) was the best in three times of investigation and the effect in harvest stage was 72.21%, beanstalk powder was the second with the 60.02% effect, the effects of green manure (fresh oilseed leaves) and rice chaff were 54.38% and 49.02%, and the others weren’t good to control cotton Verticil Hum wilt. The similar result in plot experiment was obtained, and the effects of chitin, beanstalk powder, green manure and rice chaff were 62.26%, 58.78%, 51.68% and 44.17%, and the others were not effective to control the disease.The mechanism of microecology, biochemistry and direct inhibition was studied in this experiment. Experimental results showed that the population of fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes in soil and rhizosphere was increased remarkably after applying organic amendments. The rhizosphere fungi species, species number and dominates for each treatment were different. There were more fungi species in the66rhizosphere after applying organic amendments that had better control effects. The fungi dominates in the rhizosphere after applying chitin and beanstalk powder were Stachybotrys chartarum, Penicillium viridicatum, Paecilomyces lilacinus, Myrothecium roridum etc. , but Mucor hi emails, Rhizopus nigricans, Stachybotrys chartarum and Penicillium viridicatum were dominates in the rhizosphere after applying peanut cake and poultry manure. Normally, the more the strain number of bacteria and actinomycetes in the rhizosphere were, the better the control effects of organic amendments were. The inhibition of rhizosphere fungi and actinomycetes for different treatments was measured in vitro. The results indicated that the rate of inhibiting microbes to Vert idIlium dahliae in the rhizosphere for better-effect treatments was higher than that of worse-effect ones and CK.The contents of binary phenols and dissolvent sugars in cotton were changed in some degree after organic amendments were applied. The relationship between the control effects of organic amendments and the contents of binary phenols in cotton was positive , but the relationship between the control effects and dissolvent sugars in cotton was uncertain.The direct inhibition of lixivium of organic amendments to the growth of mycelium, germination of spore and microsclerotium of Verticil Hum dahliae was measured in vitro. The results indicated that the. lixivium of different organic amendments could inhibit67Verticillium dahliae in different degrees. This showed that there is unknown substance that can inhibit the pathogen in lixivium, the direct inhibition of organic amendments to cotton Verticillium dahliae is also one aspect of the mechanism to contol disease.更多还原