张家口坝上地区景观生态分析

【作者】 宋素青；

【导师】 王卫；

【作者基本信息】 河北师范大学 ， 人文地理学， 2003， 硕士

【摘要】 土地利用／土地覆盖变化是目前全球变化研究的核心主题之一。RS、GIS、GPS技术集成应用，是目前土地利用／土地覆盖变化研究的一个主要方法。3S技术的集成，能够准确、及时获取土地利用／土地覆盖变化信息，为实现土地资源可持续利用服务。 景观生态学起源于土地研究，研究对象是土地镶嵌体，应用也主要以土地利用为主。以景观生态学理论和方法研究土地资源配置，可以为土地利用／土地覆盖变化研究提供一种方法，对土地利用／土地覆盖变化过程进行评价和预测，为合理利用土地提供科学依据。 本文利用景观生态学格局分析方法，研究张家口坝上地区1997年和2000年两个时段土地利用／土地覆盖变化。从坝上实际情况出发，将坝上景观共分成耕地、林地、草地、水体、建成和裸地景观六大类。通过对遥感影像判读，进行初步分类，再辅以多种参考信息，得到坝上地区上述六类景观周长及面积等基本形状数据。对这些数据进行计算，得到各种景观的内缘比、分维数、景观多样性指数、优势度指数、景观分离度、景观变异系数等景观格局指标，比较1987年和2000年坝上地区景观格局变化。 构成景观的要素及景观生态系统是动态变化的。景观稳定性表现为景观要素稳定性和景观生态系统稳定性。坝上四县由于气候、植被、土壤等因素影响，景观要素稳定性较低；同时，坝上四县景观生态系统稳定性也较低，表现为坝上四县牧业产出-单位面积草场牛羊肉产量和粮食单产平均波动率大，其值远远超过景观稳定的阈值。在本文中，景观稳定的阈值是指自然植被净第一性生产力的平均波动率。 张家口坝上地区有着独特的区位特点，搞好这个地区景观生态建设显得尤为重要。因此，转变经济开发为主的观点，以生态优先为目标，把坝上生态建设作为首要任务，搞好综合区划工作，调整景观格局，发展生态农业，以推动区域经济发展。 本论文的创新点:(l)将变异系数理论应用于景观格局研究;(2)景观稳定性研究，其中包括景观要素稳定性指标选取、景观生态系统稳定性指标应用、景观稳定性阂值的确定;(3)景观格局理论与景观稳定性理论有机结合，应用于该区域LuCC研究。更多还原

【Abstract】 LUCC (land-use and land-cover change) is one of the key themes for the global changes at present. It’s the main research method that the technologies of RS, GIS, and GPS apply to LUCC. The integrate technologies of RS, GIS, and GPS can obtain the accurate information for LUCC in time, serving for the sustainable use for the land.Landscape ecology was originated from the land- study, and its object of the research was the land mosaics, applying to the land-use mainly . That we study the land-resource distribution by the theories and methods of landscape ecology can offer a kind of method for the research of LUCC, evaluate and predicate at the course of LUCC, supply the scientific basis for rationally utilizing land.By utilizing pattern analytical methods of landscapes ecology, the thesis studies land-use and land-cover change at different periods at the areas of Bashang in Zhangjiakou. The thesis proceeds from reality of Bashang, divides Bashang’s landscape into six kinds altogether , such as cultivated land , forest land , grassland , water areas , builded-up landscape and bare-land . Through the image of remote sensing interpretation, we classify Bashang’s landscape tentatively, get the data of forms of different type’s landscape of the area of Bashang, complementing with the information of many kinds of reference. These data were calculated. The landscape indices were received, such as the ratio for interior edge, fractal dimension, landscape diversity index, landscape dominance index, landscape isolation, coefficient of variation to the landscape etc. The change of landscape pattern were compared at the area of Bashangand four counties in 1987and 2000.The key elements of landscape and landscape ecosystem are dynamic change. The stability of the landscape is shown as the stability of the key element of the landscape and stability of the landscape ecosystem. Because of the influence in factors, such as weather, vegetation, soil ,etc..., the stability of the key element of the landscape of the four counties on the Bashang is relatively low; Meanwhile, landscape ecosystems of the counties on the Bashang have even relatively low stability. It has two respects to show: First, the benefit of output of animal husbandry’, that is to say, the fluctuation rate of the output of beef and mutton in per unit area of meadow, is great; Second, fluctuation rate of the per unit area yield of grain-production is heavy. Their values exceed threshold value of landscape stability that the threshold value is acted by the even fluctuating rate of the net primary productivities of vegetations at natural.There is a unique position characteristic in the area of Bashang in Zhangjiakou. So landscape ecological construction of this area seems particularly important. So we should change the view that economic development is the main fact, with the ecology preferential at goal, make ecological construction as primary task on the area of Bashang , work well on synthesize zoning, adjust the landscape pattern, develop ecological agriculture, drive the development of the regional economy .The innovation of the thesis is followed: (1) applying the theory of coefficient of variation to the landscape pattern and studies; (2) to study for landscape stability, including to choose landscape key element stability , to apply the index of landscape ecosystem stability, to define the stabilitythreshold value of the landscape; (3) the pattern theory of the landscape is combined organically with the stability theory of the landscape, applied to study land-use/cover change.更多还原