【作者】 徐杰；

【导师】 陈阜；

【作者基本信息】 中国农业大学 ， 作物栽培学与耕作学， 2003， 硕士

【摘要】 本研究针对北京城郊地区工业、农业和生活用水矛盾日趋突出的现状，以北京市顺义区为典例，通过定位试验和典型调查，对该地区主要农作物的需水量和水分利用效率进行了研究；通过分析区域水资源的平衡利用状况及其可持续性，对未来种植业需水状况进行了预测，并探讨了该地区节水型种植业结构及模式的优化方案。主要结论包括： 1)顺义区干旱年型下，高粱和春谷全生育期需水与降水的耦合度达到90％；花生和春大豆其次，达到85％；春玉米和棉花为70％；苜蓿65％；水稻和冬小麦—夏作物组合耦合度只有55％。需水量和灌溉定额则与耦合度大小相反。表明在当地自然资源环境和节水灌溉背景下，不宜过多种植秋播粮食作物，应以春夏播作物为主。 2)比较当前顺义区作物实际水分利用效率和全国平均的作物水分利用效率得出：除夏大豆和水稻外，顺义区其它作物水分利用效率低于全国平均值12％—50％，与当地试验值和理论计算值相比，还有很大的增长潜力；而作物实际产量与理论产量的比较表明，大部分作物的增产潜力已不大，所以，种植业节水效率还有待于进一步提高。 3)按目前种植业发展趋势并考虑到灌溉效率的提高，平水年在100％充足灌溉方式下，2010年、2020年和2030年可供水量对灌溉的满足率分别为89％、75％和70％；在85％亏缺灌溉方式下，2010年供水可以满足需要，2020年和2030年供水量对灌溉的满足率为88％和83％；干旱年度的灌溉满足率更低，形势更为严峻。 4)从区域水资源平衡利用和种植业灌溉用水效率提高的角度，提出了中长期作物种植方式优化的方案：逐步减少冬小麦—夏玉米的种植面积，增加春玉米和冬小麦—青饲玉米的面积。该方案基本可以实现顺义区种植业水资源的平衡利用，满足社会对农业生产的需求，并使农业经济效益和养殖业生产得到最大可能的保证。更多还原

【Abstract】 The conflict of water consumption between industry, agriculture and living is becoming sharp in suburbs of Beijing. Based on case study in Shunyi County, water requirement and water use efficiency of crops in the region were studied through onsite experiment and typical household survey. On the ground of analyses of the sustainability of regional water resource balance, the trend of water use in the future was projected in this paper. Water-saving cropping structure and the optimization of cropping pattern were also discussed. Main results are generalized as follows:In dry year, coupling fitness of water requirement to rainfall reaches 90% for sorghum and spring millet during crop’s growth and reproductive season in Shunyi county, while 85% for peanut and soybean, 70% for spring com and cotton, 65% for alfalfa, and 55% for cropping pattern of rice followed by wheat. Compared with coupling fitness of water requirement to rainfall, crop’s water requirement and irrigation requirement show the contrary trend. So autumn crops should not planted excessively because of the scarce water resources.Water use efficiency in Shunyi is comparatively 12-50% lower than national level at present for crops except rice and soybean, which means a great water-saving potential in the region according to comparison between experimental observation and estimation. For most crops, yield potential can hardly be increased. Therefore, it is necessary to enhance water-saving efficiency of cropping in the region. /Based on the trends of present cropping development and irrigation efficiency increase in the region, water supply can meet irrigation by 89% in 2010, 75% in 2020 and 70% in 2030 to crop’s water requirement under normal condition. Water supply can meet irrigation by 100% in 2010, 88% in 2020 and 83% in 2030 to 85% of crop’s water requirement under normal condition. The situation of water shortage in the region is more austere in dry year.In the view of regional water balance and cropping irrigation efficiency increase, optimized model for the mid-long term cropping was proposed. Practicing these pattern can guarantee water resources balance, satisfy the requirement of production, economic increase and ecological efficiency for agriculture.更多还原