【作者】 韩金玲；

【导师】 李雁鸣；

【作者基本信息】 河北农业大学 ， 作物栽培与耕作学， 2003， 硕士

【摘要】 为明确锌对小麦光合特性及产量和品质的影响，2001-2002年以优质强筋小麦品种8901-11和高产推广品种4185为材料，在河北农业大学教学基地进行了不同施锌量(每公顷施ZnSO₄·7H₂O 0，11.25，22.5和33.75 kg hm^-2)的田间试验，试图通过研究不同施锌水平下小麦叶片的碳酸酐酶活性、叶绿素含量和光合速率的变化规律，探讨锌对小麦光合特性的影响机制；通过研究不同施锌水平下植株体内氮、磷、钾、锌的积累运转及群体光合物质生产参数，进而结合不同锌水平对产量构成因素的影响，阐明锌对产量形成的影响机制；通过研究不同锌水平下的小麦品质性状，探讨锌对小麦品质的影响规律。主要结果如下： 1．小麦上部功能叶的碳酸酐酶（CA）活性在开花期达最大值，之后迅速下降，开花后10 d～20 d缓慢下降。不同处理间，以施锌量11.25 kg hm^-2最高，即施锌增加CA活性，但施锌量超过22.5 kg hm^-2降低其活性。小麦旗叶和倒3叶CA活性均以展开后14 d达最大值，同时倒3叶刚展开时的酶活性高于旗叶刚展开时的酶活性，但旗叶酶活性最高值远高于倒3叶酶活性的最高值。不同处理间，旗叶以施锌量约为11.25～22.5 kg hm^-2的酶活性较高，倒3叶则随施锌量增加酶活性增加。 2．8901-11和4185两个品种间叶绿素含量达最高值的时间和含量存在差异。施锌后两个品种的叶片叶绿素含量均增加，上部功能叶和旗叶叶绿素含量基本以施锌11.25 kg hm^-2的最高。 3．小麦叶片光合速率受叶绿素含量和酶活性等因素的影响，施锌后叶绿素含量增加，CA活性提高，叶片光合速率也提高。与叶绿素含量和CA活性一样，施锌过量光合速率下降，基本以施锌量11.25 kg hm^-2光合速率最高。但是，2个品种的光合性能对施锌的反应略有差异。 4．施锌后植株对N、P₂O₅、K₂O、Zn的吸收增强，地上部各器官N、P₂O₅、K₂O、Zn的积累量和营养器官开花后的转移量增加。适量施锌后叶面积指数、群体光合势和作物生长率均有所提高，但各个群体光合物质生长参数最高的施锌量略有不同。8901-11生物产量的生产或营养生长阶段对锌不敏感，而经济产量的生产或后期的生殖生长阶段对锌比较敏感。8901-11使干物重达最大水平要求的锌水平较低，而4185则要求较高锌水平。 5．在一定施锌量范围内，有效穗数、穗粒数和千粒重增加。但由于3个产量构成因素的相互作用和影响，2个品种的各产量构成因素最高的施锌量不同。8901－11的有效穗数以 33厂5 kg hm”‘锌水平最多，穗粒数以 22．5 kg hm”2锌水平最多，千粒重以 11．25 kg hm’锌水平最重；而 4185的则以 11．25 kg hm”‘锌水平有效穗数最多，33．75 kg hm”’锌水平穗粒数和千粒重最多。3个产量构成因素结合，890ill以22．5 kg hm”’锌水平产量最高，4185以 11．25 k＊ ho’‘锌水平产量最高。 6．施锌后小麦品质得到改善。主要表现为施锌后 890 ill籽粒蛋白质含量和产量增加，容重和沉降值明显增加，吸水率和评价值提高，面团形成时间和稳定时间延长，而对湿面筋含量没有影响。但是在高锌水平，吸水率和评价值降低，面团形成时间和稳定时间缩短。41 85沉降值、吸水率和评价值随施锌量增加而提高，面团形成时间和稳定时间随施锌量增加而延长，而对容重和湿面筋含量没有影响，但在 33．75 kg hm‘的高锌水平下稳定时间缩短。 7．虽然各项指标对施锌的反应和变化规律不尽相同，但是，从两品种的个体和群体光合物质生产指标、产量性状和品质性状对施锌量的反应综合分析，在施用大量元素的基础上，以提高产量为主要目的的普通推广品种4185的施锌量以硫酸锌门二5 kg hm“‘为宜，而优质高产品种 8901一门以施锌量 22．5～33厂5 kg hm”‘为宜。更多还原

【Abstract】 In order to clarify the effects of zinc on photosynthetic performance, grain yield and quality in winter wheat, a field experiment with four zinc fertilization levels (ZnSO4 7H2O 0, 11.25, 22.5 and 33.75 kg hm-2) was conducted on the Teaching and Demonstration Farm of Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, during 2001-2002, with field-grown winter wheat of two varieties, 8901-11 and 4185, as experimental materials. The changing dynamics of carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity, chlorophyll content (Chl) and net photosynthesis rate (Pn) in leaves of winter wheat were determined. The accumulation and translocation of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and zinc in different organs, the community photosynthetic parameters and the grain yield formation were investigated. The grain quality parameters at different Zn levels were also determined after maturity. The main results were summarized as follows:1. The activity of CA reached the maximum value at anthesis, and rapidly decreased thereafter with an exception of slowly-decreasing period during 10~20 days after anthesis. Among the different treatments, CA activity increased with the increase of Zn level and the highest value occurred at the Zn level of 11.25 kg hm-2, and the activity decreased when zinc fertilization amount exceeded the 22.5 kg hm-2. The CA activity in flag leaf and the 3rd leaf from top all reached the maximum at the 7th or 14th day after full expansion. The CA activity in the 3rd leaf from top was higher than that in flag leaf when they were just expanding, but the maximum value of CA activity in flag leaf was much higher compared with that in the 3rd leaf from top. Among the different treatments, the CA activity in flag leaf was highest at the Zn levels of 11.25-22.5 kg hm-, and the CA activity in the 3rd leaf from top, however, increased with the increasing zinc fertilization.2. There were differences in Chl between the two varieties, 8901-11 and 4185. TheChl in the two varieties were all increased by zinc fertilization, and the Chl highest in top function leaves and in flag leaf occurred at the Zn level of 11.25 kg hm-2.3. Affected by such factors as Chl and CA activity, the Pn of all leaves were also increased by zinc fertilization, and the highest Pn also occurred at the Zn level of 11.25 kg hm-2, just as the Chl and CA activity were. However, the responses of the two varieties to zinc fertilization were slightly differences in photosynthetic performances.4. The absorption of nitrogen, phosphors, potassium and zinc by wheat plants was boosted up, and the amounts of accumulation of the nutrients in all above-ground organs and their translation from vegetative organs to grains after anthesis were increased by fertilizing zinc. Leaf area index (LAI), community photosynthetic potential and crop growth rate (CGR) were all enhanced after fertilizing zinc, but there were small differences in zinc fertilization amounts for different community photosynthetic parameters to reach their highest value. It was not sensitive to zinc fertilization for the production of biological yield of 8901-11 or during its vegetative growth period, but very sensitive to zinc fertilization for the production of economic yield or during its reproduction growth period. The zinc level for 8901-11 to get its highest dry matter production was lower compared with that for 4185.5. In a suitable range of zinc fertilization, spike number per hm-2, grain number per spike and 1000-grain weight were all increased by zinc fertilization. Because of the interaction of the three yield components, the Zn levels for different yield components to reach their highest value were different in the two varieties. In 8901-11, spike number per hm-2 reached the maximum at the Zn level of 33.75 kg hm-2, grain number per spike reached the maximum at Zn 22.5 kg hm-2, and 1000-grain weight at Zn 11.25 kg hm-2. In 4185, spike number per hm-2 reached the maximum at the Zn level of 11.25 kg hm-2, but grain number per spike and 1000-grain weight at the level of 33.75kg hm-2.更多还原