【作者】 高素红；

【导师】 高宝嘉；

【作者基本信息】 河北农业大学 ， 森林保护， 2003， 硕士

【摘要】 转基因植物生物安全性问题成为阻碍转基因植物大面积推广的主要因素。为探讨转抗虫基因植物节肢动物群落安全性评价的内容及方法，通过田间系统调查，对转双抗虫基因741杨[Populus alba L.x(P.davidiana DODE.+P.simonyi CARR.)]X P.tomentosa Cart.高抗(Pb11，Pb29，Pb3)和中抗(Pb17，Pb1)不同株系释放到环境后可能对节肢动物群落产生的生态风险及其相互影响机制和规律性进行了评价研究，以期为转双抗虫基因741杨的持续合理利用提供科学依据。主要研究结果如下： (1)转双抗虫基因741杨对节肢动物群落组织结构的影响 与对照741杨比较，转双抗虫基因741杨节肢动物群落物种丰富度明显增加，个体数明显减少。群落结构更为合理：天敌的种类和数量都有增加；植食性昆虫数量降低；中性节肢动物数量增多。不同株系741杨节肢动物群落的特征指数明显不同，无论从动态变化到总的趋势还是从局部到整体，高抗和中抗抗性株系的节肢动物群落都表现出较好的生态效应，二者之间没有明显区别。可见，转双抗虫基因741杨对节肢动物群落结构无明显负影响。 (2)转双抗虫基因741杨对节肢动物群落营养层次和垂直结构的影响 转双抗虫基因741杨节肢动物群落基位物种中植食性昆虫丰富度显著降低，中性节肢动物增加，中位物种和顶位物种明显增多。抗性株系节肢动物群落植食性昆虫优势功能团相对对照发生变化，其优势度有升有降；捕食和寄生性天敌的优势度较之对照均有所上升。垂直分层上转双抗虫基因741杨植株和土壤层节肢动物群落优于对照741杨，三者地表层和灌草层区别不大。表明，在节肢动物营养层次和垂直分层上抗性株系均呈现出一定的正面效应。 (3)转双抗虫基因741杨对植食性昆虫和天敌动态的影响 在时间序列过程中，转双抗虫基因741杨对鳞翅目食叶昆虫表现出持续的抗性，其数量明显减少，高抗和中抗741杨之间差异不大；转双抗虫基因741杨对非目标植食性昆虫有一定影响；抗性株系捕食性天敌的种类数量大幅增加，但与害虫发生并不密切相关，寄生性天敌数量比对照略有减少，种类波动较为剧烈。抗性株系741杨腐生和游逛种类的数量多于对照同期。可见，转双抗虫基因741杨对目标昆虫和非目的植食性昆虫存在负效应，而对天敌和中性节肢动物组成和发生无明显负作用，甚至具有一定的正效应。 (4)转双抗虫基因741杨节肢动物群落生态位的变化 鳞翅目害虫的空间生态位宽度最小，其它各功能类群的生态位宽度较大；捕食和寄生天敌与鳞翅目害虫的生态位重叠均较小，而与腐生和游逛种类的生态位重叠较大；各类害虫之间、捕食天敌与寄生天敌之间亦存在激烈竞争。转双抗虫基因741杨对寄生天敌和捕食天敌在利用时间资源上有正作用。各种功能类群的时、空二维生态位宽度和生态位重叠均不如单维生态位宽度和生态位重叠值大，但抗性株系天敌类群对环境的适应性优于对照。地 转双抗虫基因741杨与对照741杨节肢动物群落相似性 转双抗虫基因741杨节肢动物群落与对照相似性小，抗性株系之间相似性极高。其中植食性昆虫亚群落相似性小，天敌和中性节肢动物亚群落相似程度较高，转双抗虫基因741杨鳞翅目害虫类群与对照相异程度较大。表明，抗性株系在抑制害虫的同时对天敌和中性昆虫并无不利影响。（6）转双抗虫基因 741杨节肢动物群落变化的数值分析及害虫防治策略 转双抗虫基因 74杨节肢动物群落的主要影响因子与对照有明显区别不同抗性株系与对照 74杨节肢动物群落的发生发展亦不相同，转双抗虫基因 74杨节肢动物群落生态兔疫力较好，因而在制定害虫综合治理策略和途径上宣采取与对照 74杨不同的措施，抗性株系应以生态调控为主。（7）不同栽培模式下转双抗虫基因 74杨对节肢动物群落的影响 不同抗虫株系树种混交程度越高，节肢动物物种越丰富，多样性程度越高，其对于环境的变化或来自群落内部种群波动的缓冲能力越强。第三栽培模式节肢动物群落的生态效应及稳定性较好。转双基因抗虫741杨对害虫的抗性作用，使得周围林分其它杨树害虫的危害加重。更多还原

【Abstract】 The biological security problem has already been one of the main factorswhich hinder the extensive aPplying oftransgenic insect-resistant plants. In order to quest the contents and methods of the assessment of the arthropod community security affected by the transgenic insect-resistani plants, the possible ecological risks on arthropodcommunity, which were imposed by the transgenic insect-resistant plants after it’s releasing into the environment, and the regulation and mechanism of the mutual influencebetween plants and arthropod were aPpraised through field system investigation. Thedifferent stands of high insect-resistance hybrid poplar 741(Pb11, Pb29, Pb3) andmedium insect-resistance hybrid poplar 741(Pb17, Pb1) were used as plant materials, soas to provide the scientific foundations to the persisting rational application of theinsect-resistance hybrid poplar 741, the resultS are as follows:(1) Impacts of transgenic insectresistant hybrid poplar 741 on arthropod communitystructureThe abundance of arthropod community of transgenic insect-resistant hybrid poplar741 significantly increased, but the individuals obviously decreased, the communitystructure are more reasonable; species and individuals of natUral enemy all increased, thenumber of pest decreased, individuals of neutral Arthropod increased. there were obviousvariance among the Arthropod community structure feature indices of different hybridpoplar 741. Not only from the dynamic changes to the total trends but also from whole topart, there were bet-ter ecological effect on the arthropod communities in high andmedium insect-resistance hybrid poplar 741 stands. So, transgenic insect-resistant hybridpoplar 741 has no obvious1y negative effect on arthropod community structure.(2) Impacts of transgenic insect-resistant hybrid poplar 741 on nutritional classes andvertical structure of arthropod communitySpecies richness of pests was obviously low in basal species of transgenicinsect-resistant hybrid poplar 741, neutfal Arthropod increased, the individuals ofifltermediate species and top species aPparently increased. In arihropod community, thesuperiority of phytophagous dominan functional groups was higher or lower than that ofCK, and the superiority of predator and parasitoids ascended. Arthropod community intrees and soil was better than CK in delamination of space. Arthropod community in grassand ground was similar to CK. So, transgenic insect-resistant hybrid poplar 741 showedpositive effect on nutritiona1 classes and vertical structure of arthropod community.(3) Impacts of transgenic insect-resistant hybrid poplar 741 on pests and natural enemiespopulation dynamicsIn the time ordef, the transgenic insectresistam hybrid poplar 741 displnyedresistallce on target pests, it’s number was aPparently decreased. There was no obviousdifference between high and medium insect-resistance hybrid poplar 741 stands; thetransgenic insectresistant hybrid pop1ar 741 had some effect on non-eqet pests.Comparing the arthropod community in the transgenic insect-resistam hybrid poplar 741stands with that in ck stands, leaf eating insect increased a little, sap-sucking insectmarkedly decreased; predatOrs increased greatly and had little relation to pest, butparasitoids had a little decrease. Transgenic insect-resistan hybrid poplar 741 hasnegative effect on target and non4arget pests, but have positive effect on natUral enemiesand neutral Arthropod.(4) Ecological niche variation of arthropod community in transgenic insect-resistalhybrid poplar 741 standsThe spatial niche breadth of target pests was least, the niche breadths of otherfunctional groups were wide. Predators and parasitoids have a narrower niche overlapwith the target pest, but have a wider niche overlaP with the neutral species. There aresevere competition among pests and between predators and parasitoids. The transgenicinsect-resistant hybrid poplar 741 has a positive effec更多还原