【作者】 杨德浩；

【导师】 杨敏生； 赵振兴； 袁玉欣；

【作者基本信息】 河北农业大学 ， 森林培育， 2003， 硕士

【摘要】 以本地白桦(CK)为对照，对欧洲优良无性系Betula pendula x Betula pendula var.carelica Sok(1/86、2/86)在寒冷、干旱、光合等方面的适应性进行了初步的探讨，为进一步对欧洲白桦优良无性系引种提供理论依据。本论文主要包括以下5个方面的内容： (1)通过对栽植在丰宁的白桦当年生苗秋季进行调查，对引进的欧洲白桦优良无性系的适应性进行分析。结果表明，1/86、2/86保持着较高的存活率，分别为74.1％、64.4％；较快的高生长，分别为40.5cm、31.1cm，其中1/86的生长在四个品种中最快，比其它两个对照高2cm～3cm，但2/86在四个品种中生长最慢。这一结果与德国Waldsieverdorf林木育种研究所调查的10年生1/86、2/86的高生长结果相近。对这四个品种的高生长量进行方差分析表明，品种间的差异未达到0.01的水平，说明在生长季节1/86、2/86能在白桦的适生区内较正常生长。 (2)对欧洲白桦优良无性系外部形态和物候期的观察。主要概述了欧洲白桦优良无性系的外部形态特征，欧洲白桦优良无性系的生长习性，以及欧洲白桦优良无性系在生产中的应用。并对白桦各品种的叶芽膨大期、展叶片期、开花期、落叶期等进行了详细的记录。从宏观上对欧洲白桦优良无性系引种的可行性进行了概述。结果表明，1/86、2/86的物候期比CK较为滞后，所以我们很难确定1/86、2/86能否抵御秋冬季节的寒冷。但1/86、2/86在秋季的落叶时间比CK晚16d～18d，一定程度上认为1/86、2/86可能不能引种到CK分布区的最北界。 (3)通过对欧洲优良无性系在寒冷、干旱的胁迫下电导率、钾离子的渗透率、酶促防御系统(SOD,POD)，膜质过氧化物(MDA)，可溶性蛋白含量、原生膜透性和光合、荧光等生理指标的变化，对欧洲白桦优良无性系苗期的适应性进行分析。 结果表明，在由生长期转入休眠期，白桦各品种叶片的电导率、钾离子的渗透率在-10℃以后迅速升高，达到-15℃时均超过60％，我们认为此时白桦各品种叶片已经死亡，也就是说白桦在生长季节可以承受短期的-10℃以上的低温。对三者的各项抗寒生理指标进行综合评价表明三个品种的抗寒性从大到小为CK＞2/86＞1/86，可是2/86，1/86大部分抗寒指标与CK的差异并不显著，虽然在枝条的K~+渗出率上1/86、2/86与CK的差异达到1％的水平，但我们可以保守的认为1/86、2/86可以在CK的大部分适生区内生长，同时1/86、2/86在寒冷的适应性方面与CK确实存在着一定的差距，并且1/86、2/86的落叶期较CK滞后较长，叶的抗寒力较枝弱，所以1/86、2/86可能无法抵御CK分布的最北界的秋季寒冷。在由休眠期转入生长期，1/86、2/86、CK在SOD、POD指标上差异未达到1％的水平，而在电导率、MDA、蛋白质含量等方面又与CK的差异极其显著。而且，电导率和蛋白质含量在衡量植物的抗寒性方面是较重要的指标，由此我们认为1/86、2/86的抗寒性明显低于CK，并且这种差异极其显著。对1/86、2/86的抗寒性进行综合评价，可以看出1/86、2/86虽然与CK存在一定的差距，并且由休眠期转入生长期，1/86、2/86与CK的差异极其显著，但在很多重要的指标上三者差异并不明显，说明1/86、2/86还是具有较强的抗寒性的。 在干早胁迫下l/86.2/86的SOD、POD、MDA、可溶性蛋白含量、脯氨酸含量以及30%的极度干早下的光合指标的抗早表现总体来看较CK弱，但三者的变化基本一致，通过方差分析表明，三者在各指标上的差异均未达到0.01的水平。我们把该结果和(1)的结果相联系，可以较为肯定的认为1/86、2/86可以在CK适生区顺利的渡过春秋的干早季节。 (4)在土壤正常含水的条件下，1/86、2/86、CK三者的光合指标有较大的差异，对三者的各项光合指标进行分析。结果表明，1/86、2/86的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tl.)明显高于CK，气孔阻力(RS)明显低于CK，三个品种的以上各个指标差异均达到0.01的水平;而三者的水分利用效率(WUE)的差异却未达到显著水品。从rUE的值越大，表明固定单位数量的C02所需水量越少，因而水分的利用效率越高，而1/86和2/86的蒸腾速率大、气孔阻力小，说明它们能积累更多的光合物质。由此可以看出1/86、2/86具有较高的生长潜力。更多还原

【Abstract】 We have discussed the adaptability of cold , aridity photosynthesis and so on of Betula pendula x Betula pendula var. carelica Sok (1786, 2/86) ,taking the local birch as comparison ,in order to provide more exoteric gist of birch indraught. The thesis mostly includes hereinafter five aspect contents.(l)Taking the adaptability analysis of Betula pendula x Betula pendula var. carelica Sok ,which come from the autumn investigation result of birch which grow at Fengning in the same year. As a result, 1/86, 2/86 keep the high surviving rate , serving as 74.1 % , 64.4%,the high growth serve as 40.5cm, 31.1 cm,thereinto, 1/86 grows the fastest in the four varieties,more2-3cm in the high growth than the other two comparisons. 2/86 grows the most slowly in the four viirieties. Taking the analysis for three breeds indicate that there are not prominence different in breeds , that show 1/86, 2/86 can giow in the zone of birch in growing season . But it’s grows are lower in the zone than in Germen , they growing superiority did not expressed ,this is to say 1/86 and 2/86 are not completely comfort to the climate in the zone .(2) Through observation to exterior form and phonological period of birch, we summarize the exterior form , growth behavior and birch using in production .And particular noted leaf bug time, unfold leaf time, defoliation time etc. We have a summarize on the feasibility of birch indrought on whole too. The result show that the phonological period of 1/86 and 2/86 are latter than CK’s, so we can not ensure 1/86 and 2/86 could resist the cold or not in autumn in the zone. But the leaf of 1/86 and 2/86 drop is later than CK 19-25 days, that show 1/86 and 2/86 can not grow in the zone of CK’s northest.(3) We analyse the adjustment of the birch reeds to the cold and drought from the conductance, K+ filtrate, SOD, POD, MDA, content of the water-soluble protein, penetration of the bioplasm film, photosynthesis and fluorescence.The result indicates that the conductance and the K+ filtrate of the birch breeds rise quickly after -10#, the value of the conductance and the K+ filtrate of all the birch breeds exceed 60% when the temperature come to -15#.We think that the leaves of the birch breeds have been dead at -15#, that is, the birch can endure the temperature beyond -10#. Compositive evaluate to every physiological index indicates the order of the birch breeds’ capacity to resist the cold is CK>2/86>1/86. Though the difference of 1/86, 2/86 and CK have reached the 0.01 level on the K+ filtrate of the branch, the most index of 1/86 and 2/86 didn’t have marked difference on cold resistance . We consider that 1/86 and 2/86 could grow in most zone of CK, in that the CK could grow, on some degree. At the same time, we could find that 1/86, 2/86 have some difference on resist-cold ,and 1/86 , 2/86 shatter more latter than CK . Because the resist-cold of leaf is lower than thatof CK, so 1/86 , 2/86 might not resist the cold on the northest zone of CK in the autumn. The conductance and the content of the protein of the clone also achieve the significant level comparing to CK in the time, plants’ dormancy was being finished and the growing time was coming. And the conductance and the content of the protein was important index on resist-cold, so we consider that the difference are marked between l/86,2/86 and CK. Now we have an appraise on the resist-cold of 1/86 and 2/86 on the whole, we could find that there are some difference between 1/86- 2/86 and CK, and the difference are marked in the winter, but the three breeds are not much different on a lot of index, that show 1/86, 2/86 have a rather strong cold resistance.Through the analysis of the change of SOD ,, POD,MDA, protein proline and light index in 30% water content , we can find that the ad-drought of 1/86, 2/86 is lower than CK. But the direction of the three breeds’change are identical. Through analysis , we find that the difference of the three breeds are not notability , 1/86 and 2/86 can grow through the whole drought season in更多还原