【作者】 黄英；

【导师】 吴洪成；

【作者基本信息】 西南师范大学 ， 中国教育史， 2003， 硕士

【摘要】 1840年爆发的“第一次鸦片战争”揭开了中国近代历史的序幕。与近代历史发展总体趋向一致，中国教育近代化的历程也由此起步。作为中国留学教育的发端，幼童留美无疑是教育近代化历程中的一个重要举措。 19世纪60年代，内外交困的政治变局、近代工业开始发展的经济形势、中心地位开始丧失的文化态势及洋务教育本身的需要为幼童留美提供了深刻的历史缘由，而当时中美“友好”气氛和“毕业于美国著名大学第一人”容闳自身的条件则成为幼童留美不可缺少的外部条件。留美计划是在容闳的不懈努力和晚清重臣曾国藩、李鸿章、丁日昌等的促成下实现的。留学计划无论是管理、学习方式还是学生自身条件都极富特色，是对中国传统教育的挑战和冲击，掀开了近代教育的新篇章。异质异构的美国文化对幼童的影响是全方位的。幼童的学习、生活丰富多彩，成效显著，但中西文化的矛盾也在他们身上打上了深深的烙印。传统与近代价值观念的剧烈冲突随之展开，体现了近代中国教育改革历程的艰辛曲折和多姿多彩。一个多世纪过去了，幼童留美已成为历史，今天我们回顾它，仍然让我们震撼。这场留学事业不仅为中国早期近代人才的培养做出了大胆的尝试，而且为中美文化交流做出了重大贡献。贯穿于整个留学过程中的两条不同的思想路线——洋务派的“中体西用”和容闳的“全盘西化”又是中国近代历史上深刻的思想文化命题，从而昭示出近代社会发展的深刻哲理。 然而，幼童留美终究被中途撤回，究其原因，既有政治上的腐败、文化观上的保守，也有美国的排华风潮和容闳本人的局限。尽管如此，幼童留美对中国教育近代化产生了不可估量的影响。留学生派遣计划的组织方式、年龄结构、留学管理、回国后的任用等问题至今仍然留给我们很多的启示和深刻的反思。清政府和洋务派对教育改革缺乏整体观念和全盘规划，我们应该引以为戒；提高当前留学教育的法制化水平，并加强对留学生的爱国主义教育；正确对待当前的少年学生留学问题。更多还原

【Abstract】 The First Opium War in 1840 preceded the prologue of modern history of China. The modernization of Chinese education began in accordance with the general trend of this history. Starting Chinese studying abroad, Children Studying in the U.S.A. was, undoubtedly, an important measure taken in the process of educational modernization.In the 1860’s, Chinese Children went to the U.S.A. to study for the reason of the political crisis at home and abroad, the newborn economy development of modern industry, the lost of center position of traditional Chinese culture, and the need of Westernization Movement education. Chinese Children Studying in the U.S.A. was indispensable to the friendly atmosphere between America and China and Dr.Yung Wing’s qualification. He was the first Chinese graduated from a famous American University. This plan of Studying in the U.S.A was put into practice with the untiring efforts of Dr. Yung Wing and the help of the important official in late Qing Dynasty of Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang and Ding Richang etc. This plan was characteristic of its management, the learning methods and qualities of the students, and it was a great challenge to Chinese traditional education, starting a new chapter of modern education. The children were influenced comprehensively by American culture, which is totally different from ours. Despite their colorful living and fruitful study, the contradiction between American and Chinese Cultures were branded on their minds, from which the conflict between the traditional and modern value notions developed. It indicted that Chinese modern educational innovation was full of difficulties, reverses, and diversity.More than a century later, Chinese Children studying in the U.S.A. can still shock us when we reviewing it. This cause was an audacious try for training preliminary modern personnel, and contributed much to the communication between American andChinese cultures. The Westernization Movement office-holder’s thought-"Chineselearning as fundamental structure , Western learning for practical use ", and YungWing’s thought-"Total Westernization" were the two coexistent guiding ideasrunning through the process of Chinese Children Studying in the U.S.A. They formed an incisive ideological and cultural proposition in modem China as well. It brought to light the profound philosophy of the development of modern society.However, Chinese Children Studying in the U.S.A. suffered setback and these Children were sent back halfway because of political corruption, cultural conservatism, the movement of American repelling Chinese, and the limitation of Yung Wing himself. Even so, it exerted inestimable influence on the educational modernization of China. The age range of the Children, means of organization, management, and their distribution etc. left us much enlightenment and poignant reflection. We can learn a profound lesson from the lack in overall viewing and planning on education of the government of Qing Dynasty and the office-holder in Westernization Movement. We also need to perfect the legalization of studying abroad and strengthen the patriotic education of the students. Even today we still need to study how to deal with children studying abroad correctly.更多还原