【作者】 袁方成；

【导师】 项继权；

【作者基本信息】 华中师范大学 ， 政治学理论， 2003， 硕士

【摘要】 最近一段时期，随着税费改革的全面铺开，乡村公共财政、乡村民主与乡村治理成为国家政治、经济生活和学术界研究的热点问题。在这一过程之中，乡村教育问题日益凸现，值得认真思考和分析。乡村教育作为乡村社会生活和公共产品提供的重要部分，在很大程度上反映出当前乡村财政的状况，同时其自身的现状和发展趋势又对国家政权建设、乡村公共财政以及国家与农民的关系产生着不可忽视的作用。研究乡村教育问题具有重要的理论和现实意义。 本文在实证调查的基础上，运用政治学、经济学和教育学等多重理论的综合分析模式，梳理乡村教育财政基础的转换过程，认识当前财政短缺下的乡村教育困境，并对其成因作出理论解释。 本文首先简要介绍了H街道的历史发展，作为梳理H街道中学建立与发展的地域背景。并从行政机构设置、财政基础和经济来源、学校的基本建设、教师的收入和待遇、学生的教育支出和流动、教育规模和人才培养、与上级主管部门及地方的关系七个方面对H街道中学在“全能主义”时代建立与发展的这一段历史作出了小结：建国初期，国家利用政治运动和经济、行政手段来迅速整合各种力量，汲取乡村经济和文化资源，推动现代化进程的同时，持续而稳定地支持乡村教育的发展。乡村教育规模的扩大，使学校建设规模扩大，资金需求增大；基层教育行政体制层级增加，行政人员增多，教育成本增加。这样就造成了国家供给与教育需求之间的矛盾，这一矛盾成为乡村教育问题形成的重要原因。 然后，从法律法规文本的角度，本文解释了国家一方面将教育责任主体下移，另一方面不断制定新的教育现代化目标来引导乡村教育的发展方向，逐渐从“全能主义”时代的主导者转变为“压力型体制”下的驱动者。在对短缺财政下乡村教育的现状和问题的分析中可以看到，学校的行政机构设置和财政基础发生了明显的变化，而财政短缺使学校的正常运作受到冲击，造成了教师工资的拖欠、优秀教师的流失、学生的经济负担加重、辍学率居高不下等教育困境中的问题。这些问题的出现，正是在国家全能主义时代走向压力型体制背景下、在教育财政基础转换过程中形成的，也正是现代化过程中国家与乡村社会 d＼硕士学位论文 y 虬W1皿’Sn正“互动所产生的矛盾的体现。 继而，本文认识到，当前短缺财政背景下乡村教育所面临的困境，已经成为制约其自身发展的栓桔，也成为影响到乡村社会的治理与稳定、乡村经济发展的一项重要因素。从财政、政治体制和现代化的三维向度分析这种现状的形成。从短缺财政背景下来看，国家对乡村教育投资是缺位的，教育投资总量和投资结构都不尽合理，九年制义务教育体制也存在着明显的缺陷和不足：在压力型体制下，教育行政权力分配的界限不清，各级政府将责任主体下移，在很大程度上偏离了教育发展和经济发展的规律，使教育事业成为国家和地方的 “政绩工程”，对地方教育资源垄断和控制，使地方教育行政机构不断扩充，机构编制膨胀，行政效率低下：从较长的历史看来，现代化目标和国家能力之间的张力始终制约着现代化的演进，当国家汲取了乡村社会的资源，却不能完全承担教育现代化的成本，而导致乡村社会的发展与现代化的进程出现了严重的冲突，国家的主导能力与目标表现出明显的错位。 最后，针对后发外生型现代化的过程中，乡村教育领域明显地表现非均衡社会发展模式的特征，它作为一个侧面和缩影，很大程度上已经揭示出，在国家与乡村社会之间出现的巨大的断裂，以及由此引发的种种矛盾和冲突这一事实，本文提出了若千对策性建议。更多还原

【Abstract】 Recently, with the great development of the tax and fee reform, the issues of village public finance, village democracy and villagers’ self-governance have become the focus in the country political, economic life and academic study. During this process, the issue of village education stands out which deserves reflection and analyses. As the important part supplied by village social life and public productions, village education reflects the present financial condition of a village to a great extent.At the same tune, its condition and development tendency plays such a role that shouldn’t be neglected as regarding the state construction, the village public finance and the relationship between the state and the peasants. Studies on village education issue have important theoretical and realistic meaning.Based on empirical investigation, this paper uses the comprehensive analytical model composed of several theories, such as politics, economics, pedagogy etc. to card the transformation process of village educational finance, recognize the diploma of village education under financial shortage at present and try to give a theoretical explanation for the cause.First of all. the paper gives a brief depiction on the history of H Street, which is the local background of the establishment and development of H Street Middle School. Then the author drew a conclusion on the history of the H Street Middle School in the totalitarianism period from seven aspects as the folio wings: administrative organization settings, financial base and economical sources, basic construction of the school, teachers’ income and welfare, students’ educational expenditure and flow, the educational scale and the talents cultivation and the relationship between senior charge sector and local government. It is that the government, by means of political movement, economical and administratrve measure, made use of village economical and cultural resources, pushed on the modernization process and supported the development of village educationconstantly and steadily. As the result of village education scale expansion, school construction scale was enlarged and capital demand increased. With the increase of grass-rooted education administrative systems, the staffs and education cost increased. All of these reasons have caused the contradiction between the state supply and educational demand, which is an important cause of formation for the problems of village education.Secondly, from the view of legal text, the paper points out that the government, which has changed from a dominator role during the totalitarianism period to a driver role under financial shortage, has had the responsible subjects of education degraded and constituted new objects for education modernization to direct the developmental orientation of village education. From the analyses on the conditions of the village education in the financial shortage, we can conclude that obvious changes have taken place in administrative organization setting and finance base of the schools. Financial shortage greatly affected the normal operation of school, causing a series of problems such as difficulties in salary distribution of teachers, drainage of excellent teachers, increasing economic burden of students, high dropout rate etc. All these problems had come into being at the background that state totalitarianism period transformed to the pressurized system and during the process that educational finance base transformed. It embodied the contradiction caused by social interaction between the state and the village during the process of modernization.Thirdly, the author conceives that the dilemma which village education is facing under financial shortage has already restricted its development. Furthermore, it is an important factor that affects village social governance, stability and village economic development. The paper analyzes the reasons for this condition from three dimensions of finance, political system and modernization. From the dimension of finance, the investment更多还原