【作者】 王兆锋；

【导师】 冯永军；

【作者基本信息】 山东农业大学 ， 土壤学， 2003， 硕士

【摘要】 煤炭和土地是人类赖以生存的两大自然资源，多年来，煤炭开采业为经济建设提供了巨大的能源支持，推动了经济和社会的发展，但由于二者空间分布的同位性和当前采煤技术的限制，煤炭开采也带来大量土地的占用、破坏和污染。不仅影响了农业生产、区域经济的发展及人民生活水平的提高，而且对整个生态环境造成严重的影响。目前我国广泛采用的塌陷地复垦方式是充填覆土，取得了一定的效益，但土地塌陷一般范围较大，覆土复垦不仅工作量大，造成人力物力的浪费，而且还影响周围其它部分土地的用土问题，取土来源难以保证。如果用纯粉煤灰复垦塌陷地也存在一些问题：营养元素缺乏；pH值过高；持水能力差；毒性元素危害。目前，在人口惯性增长，工矿开发占地膨胀的双重作用下，人地矛盾日益激化。如何寻求新型复垦基质，扩大耕地面积，促进塌陷区土地可持续利用已成为迫在眉睫的研究课题。酸性物质糠醛渣与粉煤灰混合，可降低粉煤灰的pH值，高含量的有机质可改善粉煤灰的理化性质，同时可降低粉煤灰中毒性元素的危害，使不覆土复垦成为可能。有关研究找到了二者合适的混合比例，但这种基质理化性质及耕作要求都与一般土壤存在一定差别，要将这种复垦模式辅助于实施，必须在先锋植物的选择上开展进一步的研究。本研究选择可能的适宜植物进行试验，比较植物的产量、质量及种植效益，分析基质理化性状的变化，探求最佳先锋植物；同时对耕作管理中采取的辅助措施进行探讨，分析耕作管理模式中应注意的问题，以改善矿区生态环境，增加有效耕种面积，优化土地利用方式，提高土地利用效益。结果表明：(1)粉煤灰与糠醛渣以4：1的质量比混合，组配新型复垦基质，能够满足植物生长要求，但应加强水肥管理；(2)各试验植物覆盖处理一般优于不覆盖处理，不同植物的适应性排序为：苜蓿＞月季＞黑麦草＞早熟禾＞高羊茅＞菠菜＞谷子＞绿豆；(3)利用基质生产的苜蓿开发高铬饲料，可增强畜禽抗应激能力和免疫力，减少动物应激综合症的发生，避免抗菌药物的应用，减少经济损失；(4)基质的冲洗定额为5.73×103m3/hm2。最好采用分期冲洗的方法进行，冲洗次数以3－4次为<WP=6>宜，水量分配比例为1/2、1/3、1/6；(5)运用新型基质复垦采煤沉陷地可以降低工程成本，获得良好的经济效益，同时还能带来巨大的社会效益和环境效益，有利于经济和社会的可持续健康发展。本研究首次选出了适合粉煤灰与糠醛渣特殊复混基质的先锋植物，并提出了耕作管理中应注意的问题，为新型复垦基质的大田实施提供了依据，为沉陷地复垦与可持续利用提供了实际指导。更多还原

【Abstract】 The coal and land are two indispensable resources for human being to survive. The coal mining industry has offered most of energy for our economical construction for many years, which has promoted our economy and society. However, coal mining has also taken lots of land occupied, destroyed and polluted for its same location with land and the technological limits of mining. This affected agricultural production, district economical development and the living level improvement. Furthermore, it seriously influenced the whole environment. Nowadays, the filling with covered soil is the main method to reclaim the subsided land, which has made some benefits. However, the land sinks often in large scale. Therefore, this method means heavy workload and wasting lots of manpower and material resources. At the same time, it often takes the around land destroyed, the source of covered soil cannot be obtained satisfyingly. On the other hand, there are many problems in using pure fine coal ash to reclaim the subsided land: shorting of nutrition, too high pH, disability of holding water, toxicity element. At present, with dual effect of the population inertial increase and mining inflating. The conflict between the population and land become more and more serious. It has become a subject staring us in the face how to find a new reclaim medium to widen the cultivated land, to promote the sustainable land use in mining area. The acid residue of furfural can decrease the pH of fine coal ash and offer lots of organic material. At the same time, it can reduce the effect of toxicity element, which makes it possible to use pure fine coal ash to reclaim. Some related studies have worked out the appropriate proportion of the two materials, but the medium is different from the ordinary soil in many factors such as<WP=8>physical and chemical character and cultivated condition. If we use this medium to reclaim the subsidence land in reality, we must take further studies on the pioneer plants.This study chose the possible plants to take experiment. Through comparing the yield, quality and benefit, analyzing the physical and chemical character, we chose the proper pioneer plants. At the same time, by discussing the assistant measure and problems in cultivation, we improved the environmental condition, increased the cultivated land, optimized the utilizing method and increased the benefits.The results indicated: (1) the new medium that was compounded in the proportion of 4:1 between fine coal ash and furfural residue can be satisfied to cultivate plants, but it needed to be strengthened the management of water and fertilizer. (2) The covered usually were better than the uncovered, the sequence of adaptability each plant: clover>china rose >ryegrass >bluegrass >fescue >spinach >corn>mung bean. (3) Utilizing the clover from the medium to produce the feed with high content of chromium could improve the animal’s ability to resist stimulate and immunity, reduced the syndrome of stimulate, avoided the use of antibacterial, and decreased the losing. (4) The wash ration of the new medium was 5.73×103m3/hm2. The best way to wash was in stages. The times of swash was 3-4; the proportions of water were 1/2,1/3,1/6. (5) Utilizing the new medium to reclaim the coalmine subsidence land could decrease the work cost to make good benefits. Furthermore, it could take great social and environmental benefits. It was in favor of the sustainable development of economy and society.The study firstly choosed the pioneer plants adapted to the new medium and resolved the problems in cultivation; it offerd the evidence for the new medium used in field. This provided the direction for the reclaim and sustainable use of subsidence land.更多还原