【作者】 李玉晖；

【导师】 陈学森；

【作者基本信息】 山东农业大学 ， 果树学， 2003， 硕士

【摘要】 本试验于2001－2002年在山东农业大学泰安横岭果树育种基地、省庄镇南许果园、司家庄果园及山东农业大学果树生物学实验室进行。以桃、杏、李、樱桃、杏梅等5种核果类果树的11个品种为试材，在不同树种及品种间设计了70多个杂交组合，初步探索了核果类果树种（属）间远缘杂交的亲和性；在一些杂交组合中设计了激素处理、混合花粉授粉以及He-Ne激光照射、γ射线辐射和高压静电场处理花粉等方法，以克服或提高远缘杂交的亲和性。本试验还测定了父本花粉的萌发力,并对获得的远缘杂种胚培苗进行了RAPD鉴定。试验主要结果如下：1．桃、李、杏和杏梅等核果类果树不同树种间相互杂交试验结果表明，①母本对远缘杂交亲和性起决定性作用，其中以自交亲和的桃做母本的杂交组合坐果率最高（33.9％），其次是杏（16.3％）与杏梅（6.3％），李最低（1.9％）；②杏梅×杏的坐果率为12.0％，明显高于杏梅×李的坐果率（2.7％）；反交组合亦表现出同样规律，说明本试验采用的这个杏梅品种与杏的亲缘关系更近。进一步证明根据远缘杂交亲和性（坐果率）可以探讨果树种质资源的亲缘关系。2．以巴旦水杏、红丰杏和新世纪杏等3个杏品种为试材进行的杂交试验结果表明，不同基因型（品种）做母本对远缘杂交亲和性影响较大，坐果率差异显著，其中以红丰杏做母本，平均坐果率最高（37.1％），新世纪杏次之（10.7％）、巴旦水杏最低（2.3％）；不同杏品种做父本对远缘杂交亲和性影响较小。3．激光、静电场、γ射线单独处理花粉和激光与γ射线联合处理花粉的杂交试验结果表明：①适宜场强负高压平板静电场及适宜时间激光单独处理花粉均可以明显提高红丰樱桃和巴旦水杏远缘杂交的亲和性。其中以434.78 Kv/m场强高压平板静电场处理父本花蕾，8min He-Ne激光照射父本花粉，提高远缘杂交亲和性效果最为显著。三种处理方式相比，以激光处理对提高红丰樱桃和巴旦水杏远缘杂交的亲和性效果最明显，其次是适宜场强的高压静电场处理，γ射线处理效果不明显。②500G γ射线（G3）和5minHe-Ne激光（J2）联合处理（G3J2）提高远缘杂交亲和性的效果明显高于两者单独处理，例如用联合处理的曙光油桃花粉授粉，坐果<WP=7>率为24.4％，明显高于对照（5.0％）及500G γ射线（4.8％）和5minHe-Ne激光（3.4％）单独处理。4．于母本不同花期进行的远缘杂交试验结果表明，铃铛花期授粉坐果率显著高于初花期授粉的坐果率。5．激素处理及混合花粉授粉试验结果表明，赤霉素、β-萘乙酸、混合花粉处理不能提高巴旦水杏×杏梅、巴旦水杏×大石早生李、巴旦水杏×曙光油桃的杂交亲和性，各处理的杂交组合坐果率均为零。6. 对胚培养得到的总统李×新世纪杏、大石早生李×红丰杏杂种幼苗，利用随机引物进行RAPD分析鉴定，电泳谱带分析表明，子代与亲代之间存在差异，从而表明所得苗木确系杂种。更多还原

【Abstract】 This experiment of distant hybridization has been done in fruit breeding base of Shandong Agriculture University in Hengling ,fruit-biology laboroty of Shandong Agriculture University, Nanxu orchard in Shengzhuang and Sijiazhuang orchard. Eleven varieties of stone fruits ( peach , apricot ,plum ,cherry and apricot-plum ) were used in it . More than seventy cross-combinations were disigned between different stone fruits , and their cross-compatibility was simply explored. In addition , in order to improve cross-compatibility of distant hybridization , some treatments were disigned in some cross-combinations, such as electric field treatments of different intensity, He-Ne laser treatments of different time and γ-ray radiation treatments of different dosage, hormone treatments and pollination with compound pollen . Moreover, budding energy of paternal pollen were tested . Finally, seedlings of hybrids were identified by RAPD. The result shows : 1. The result of the experiment of distant hybridization between peach , apricot , plum and apricot-plum indicates : ①The effect of different stone fruits as female parents on cross-compatibility of distant hybridization is remarkable . Among the cross-combinations with four species of stone fruits as female parents , the average setting percentage respectively is : peach , 35.8% , the highest ; apricot , 16.3% , the second ; apricot-plum , 6.3% , the third ; plum , 1.9% , the lowest .②The setting percentage of apricot-plum × apricot is 12.0% , obviously higher than apricot-plum × plum ,which is 2.7% . So deos apricot × apricot-plum and plum × apricot-plum . This result indicates this variety of apricot-plum used in the experiment has closer relationship with apricot than with plum . Furthermroe ，it proves the relationship between different fruits can also be expored by cross-compatibility of distant hybridization . 2. The effect of different varieties ( genetypes ) of apricot as female parents on cross-compatibility of distant hybridization is remarkable . Among the cross-combinations with three varieties of apricot as female parents , the<WP=9>average setting percentage of the cross-combinations with apricot (hongfeng) as female parents is highest , 37.1% ; apricot(xinshiji) , second , 10.7%; apricot(xinshiji) , lowest , 2.3% . However ，The effect of different varieties of apricot as male parents on cross-compatibility of distant hybridization is not remarkable .3. The result of the experiment of distant hybridization with pollen treated by laser , electric field andγ-ray indicates : ①The appropriate electric field (434.78 Kv/m) and He-Ne laser (8min) treating paternal pollen can effectively improve cross-compatibility of cherry ( Hongfeng ) ×apricot ( Badan ). The effect with the optimum He-Ne laser treating paternal pollen is best , the electric field treatment next，and the γ-ray radiation treatment not remarkable . ②The effect of the compound treatment with 500G γ-ray and 5min He-Ne laser on improving cross-compatibility of distant hybridization is remarkablely better than that of either of them alone . For example ,the setting percentage of cherry ( Hongfeng ) × peach ( Shuguangyoutao ) pollinated with compoundly treated pollen is 24.4％，obviously higher than that of either of alone treatment of 500G γ-ray (4.8%) and 5min He-Ne laser (3.4%) ，or comparision (5.0%) . 4. The result of the experiment of distant hybridization with hotmone treating maternal ovary or stigma and pollinated with compound pollen indicate that both hormone (GA and β-NAA) treatments and compound pollen pollination can,t improve cross-compatibility of apricot ( Badan shuixing) × apricot-plum , apricot ( Badan ) × plum (dashizaosheng) , apricot ( Badan ) × peach (shuguangyoutao). The setting percentage of all the treated cross-combinations is zero.5. The result of the experiment of distant hybridization pollinated in different blooming stage indicates that setting percentage is different in different pollination stage and it is obviously higher in balloon更多还原