从以人为目的到人的自由全面发展

【作者】 林俊风；

【导师】 刘卓红；

【作者基本信息】 华南师范大学 ， 马克思主义哲学， 2003， 硕士

【摘要】 以人为目的是人类社会发展的宗旨，人的自由全面发展是人类社会发展的方向。以人为目的必然推出作为最终目的的人的自由全面发展，人的自由全面发展是以人为目的的具体化表述。二者同是人类社会发展的价值导向，方向是一致的，给我们提供了一个检验社会制度优劣的标准，一个改变人类现状的指针，一个个人成长的路标。 康德以前人所没有过的方式清晰地提出“以人为目的”，并从人的理性出发找到人是目的的根据，论证了人是客观目的、自然的目的、历史的目的，指出：人不能只是工具。康德“以人为目的”思想要求每个人遵循道德原则，进而推出法的原则，要求建立法治国家和世界公民状态下的国家普遍联合。其思想既有合理性，又有不可克服的困难。 马克思在康德的基础上继续前进。他首先看到了实然和应然的矛盾，进而创立了社会批判理论。他从现实的人出发、从劳动出发，推出了“人的自由全面发展”的深刻历史规律和最高价值理想。他在唯物史观的坚实基础上对“人的自由全面发展”进行了深入阐述，指出生产力的发展和社会关系的变革是实现人的自由全面发展的外部条件，无产阶级是人的自由全面发展的主体，并身体力行投入社会实践中。 本文不仅探索了康德和马克思这两位经典作家提出的、对人类社会发展具有重大深远意义的这两大命题的原初涵义，为当代的人文建设提供丰富的思想资源，并且籍此两大命题，对康德和马克思的思维方式进行比较研究，彰显了马克思与康德相通的价值祈向和相别的达成路径，指出了马克思对康德的合理性继承与发展，并着重指出马克思对康德的超越。这其实就是现代意义上的哲学对近代哲学思维方式上的重大转变。更多还原

【Abstract】 ’Human being is goal’is the purpose of society. ’Free and all-sided development of human being’ is the direction of social development. ’Human being is goal’ inevitabily draw a inference of ’free and all sided development of human being’, and ’free and all sided development of human being’is the specific expression of ’human being is goal’.They all the value guidance of social development.Their direction is consistent. They provide us a standard to exmine a social institution, an indicator to change human situation, and a road sign of individual growwing up .Kant advance ’human being is goal’ unprecedentedly and distinctly.He explore the basis of ’human being is goal’from human’s reason and demonstrate that human being is objective goal, human being is natural goal, human being is historical goal. He point out: human being is not only means. Kant’s ’human being is goal’ idea require everyone should follow moral principle.Then Kant infer law principle and require human establish state ruled by law and union in state of world citizen.His idea is of reason and difficulty.Marx continue to make progress on the basis of Kant. He firstly find contradiction between reality to the deserved and found social critical theory.He infer the historical law and the highest value ideal of ’free and all-sided development of human being’ from real person and labour. He elaborate the meaning of ’free and all-sided development of human being’ deeply on the materialist conception of history basis. He point that the development of productive forces and the transformation of social relations are the external conditions, and the proletariat are the mainbody forces of free and all-sided development of human being. He put himself into social practice.This paper not only explore the original meaning of the two topic that is of significance to human society,providing abound idea resources to present cultural construction, but also compare the way of thinking of Kant and Marx, showing their communicating value tendency and their opposite route, pointing out the reasonal inherit and development of Marx comparing Kant,especially pointing out the surpass of Marx comparing Kant.This is essentially a great change on the thinking way of present philosophy to mordern philosophy.更多还原