皖南山区宗族聚居型农村社区家庭养老模式变迁研究

【作者】 李磊；

【导师】 卞利；

【作者基本信息】 安徽大学 ， 社会学， 2003， 硕士

【摘要】 2000年第五次人口普查的统计数据显示，我国60岁以上老年人口占据总人口比例的10.2％，这表明我国已经进入老龄型社会。老龄社会面临着一系列新的社会问题，特别是在中国这样一个人口基数高、数量众、经济相对落后的发展中农业国家，数量众多的老年人口，尤其是农村老年人口的养老问题，已经进入我国政府和海内外学者的研究视野，并受到了越来越多的关注。 综观近二十年来关于我国农村养老问题的诸多研究选题和代表性成果，我们发现尚有一类农村社区没有进入研究者的选题视野，即典型的宗族聚居型农村社区。这类农村社区历史上有着严密的宗族组织，培育并不断强化家庭养老的独特传统，宗族组织被打破后，社区居民虽在很大程度上依然聚族而居，但其独特的“孝”价值观和家庭奉养传统逐渐弱化。社区内部传统道义的弱化，加之社区外部社会变迁的冲击，使这类农村社区的家庭养老模式呈现出了比一般农村社区更为剧烈的变迁态势。 本文选择历史上宗族制度占据支配地位、养老文化传统积淀深厚的皖南山区，作为探寻现阶段我国农村家庭养老模式变迁的一个独特地域。并以具有相同社区文化传统，同时可耕地少、劳动力转移程度较高、村民较为富裕的绩溪宅坦古村社区为具体剖析个案，在借鉴已有相关研究成果的基础上，主要运用人类学、现象学社会学的日常生活分析法和政治学的焦点事件分析法，详细揭示皖南山区农村家庭养老模式的变迁过程及这一过程中的矛盾、冲突以及现阶段所面临的新选择，并在尊重社区传统的基础上，就整合与建构现阶段皖南山区宗族聚居农村社区新型家庭养老模式，提出自己的见解和对策。第一，针对血缘道义与家庭养老责任伦理在皖南部分农村家庭的弱化倾向及当地赡养纠纷的发生特点，本文认为应当通过加强分家协议的约束性及其中权利与义务的对等性，同时强化与家庭养老有关的法律法规宣传和社区舆论监督职能，来建立一定的防范机制，预防与家庭赡养有关的代际冲突的发生。第二，应该在主要依靠家庭成员养老的基础上，在继续试行社会化养老方式的同时，考虑在劳动力就地转移程度较高、乡镇企业较为发达的乡村级社区范围内实施山乡村社会正式组织管理引导、以乡镇企业为一种实施载体的社区养老保障措施。更多还原

【Abstract】 The statistic data from the fifth population census of China show that the proportion of the aged (over 60) to the total population in China is 10.2%, which means that China has become an aged society. The aged society confronts a series of social problems about the aged. For an agricultural developing country like China, the support of such a large population of the aged, especially the aged living in rural communities, has aroused more and more interest from both overseas and domestic scholars in studying the issue.Most researchers concerned about the issue, however, did not pay special attention to the family support pattern of the aged in rural communities where people sprung from the same clan live closely together. This kind of rural communities once had tightly-organized clan structure, which had developed and greatly strengthened the tradition of supporting old members of the family and the whole clan. With the smashing of clan’s tight structure, its unique standards of filial obedience and family-supporting tradition have been changing despite people there still comparatively live closely together today. This kind of rural communities’ family support pattern of the aged takes on much stronger changing trends than ordinary rural communities when faced with the weakening of traditional moralities within the communities and the influences coming from social changes outside the communities.The author of this article thinks it significant to choose to investigate into the rural family aged supporting pattern in southern mountain areas of Anhui province as a sample to get detailed revealment of China’s current aged security in rural communities where people once lived closely around their clan. Most southern part of Anhui once belonged to Huizhou, a historical area with tight clan domination and a strong tradition to support old family members. Taking the mountain village Zhaitan located in Jixi,one southern county of Anhui, as a specific research example, the author tries to give a detailed analysis and description of the changing process of thefamily support pattern accompanied by conflicts and current possible policies to choose in rural communities of similar traditional background.In the investigation, the author has observed and analyzed family’s daily life as well as some typical conflicts in the process of family supporting. Based upon findings of specific field research and upon some previous research achievements, this article also offers some actual advice to integrate and build a new multi-level rural aged security system in southern Anhui’s rural communities of above-mentioned distinctive background. The system includes family security, social security and community-based security measures. The support of old aged in the system, however, still mainly comes from family members, which, as a result, determines we still use family support (security) to call current support for the aged in southern Anhui’s rural communities despite its present socializing trend.更多还原