放松训练对脑电、肌电、情绪的影响

【作者】 张燕冰；

【导师】 杨斯环；

【作者基本信息】 北京中医药大学 ， 中西医结合基础， 2003， 硕士

【摘要】 气功是源于中国的一种自我身心锻炼的方法，尽管气功功法种类很多，但是强调放松入静是共同的。在入静过程中，大脑的机能变化起主导作用。目前的科学试验方法，对脑的机能变化的观察多借助于脑电，对入静过程中脑电的变化进行定量分析，可以对气功锻炼引起的大脑功能的改变认识得更加全面。本研究旨在观察短期（2个月）三线放松功训练对脑电、肌电和皮肤温度以及情绪的影响，探讨放松训练改善心身健康的机制，尤其侧重于观察脑电变化以及脑电指标的改善程度与受试者个性特征的关系，为放松训练更适合于哪种类型的个体寻求脑科学的依据。本研究以本校在读大学生为受试对象，共100人，按被试自愿选择，分为训练组68人和对照组32人，训练组先用渐进性放松训练的磁带学习体验放松的感觉（3天），再集体练习三线放松功2个月，对照组不接受任何训练。采用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数（Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index ，PSQI）、焦虑自评量表（Self-Rating Anxiety Scale ，SAS）和症状自评量表（Symptom Checklist ，SCL-90）对两组受试者的心理状态进行评估，并比较训练组训练前后脑电、肌电和皮肤温度的变化，同时，对受试者脑电指标的改善程度与其个性特征进行相关分析。试验结果显示，放松训练后，受试者的脑电各导联α指数均增高，其中两额、两中央、两颞的α指数增高更为显著，与此同时，β指数普遍下降；训练后受试者左右脑区、前后脑区的相干函数值增高，脑电的“高清醒度”、“低活力系数”、“颞同步化”、“额优势化”、“安静度”、“综合指标”均增高，与受试前相比差异有显著性意义，表明放松训练后，受试者的脑电活动趋于同步化、有序化。同时，我们还发现，受试者脑电指标的改善程度与艾森克个性问卷（Eysenck Personality Questionnaire ，EPQ）的N纬度得分、A型行为类型问卷的TH分、总分呈正相关。放松训练后，受试者的肌电基础值、最小值降低，肌电曲线得分明显改善；皮肤温度最大值和升温能力增高，皮温曲线改善，与受试前相比，差异有显著性意义。表明放松训练后，受试者的自我调整能力增强。训练组受试者的PSQI得分、SAS得分和SCL-90总分及各因子得分在放松训练后均有不同程度的改善，说明放松训练可以有效改善睡眠、缓解不适症状和不良情绪，而且随着训练时间的延长，这种有利效应更为明显。而生活在同一环境下的对照组，由于没有进行有效地放松和调整，在面临紧张的学习压力时，整体心理健康水平呈下降趋势，紧张、焦虑等负性情绪增加，睡眠状况恶化，表现在PSQI得分和SAS得分增高。两组间比较，试验初始时没有显著性差异，而在试验结束时，训练组的PSQI得分、SAS得分、恐怖和精神病性因子分值低于对照组，达到显著性水平。试验结果表明，生活环境相同，又都处于临近期末考试的紧张气氛中的两组被试，试验结束时心理状态的明显差异来自于放松训练。即放松训练可以缓解紧张、焦虑等不良情绪，改善睡眠。本研究证实，放松训练可以改善大学生的生理、心理状况，而且受试者脑电指<WP=4>标的改善程度与其人格特征和行为类型相关。放松训练可能通过激活额叶的活动，增加其脑血流灌注，从而使训练者摆脱恶劣情绪，解除心理压力，使脑电各导联的α指数均增高，β指数普遍下降；使左右脑区、前后脑区的脑电相干函数和脑电综合指标得到改善；通过激活下丘脑的活动进而调控自主神经系统的功能，使交感神经和副交感神经的活动维持在一个良好的平衡状态，使整个人体各系统、各器官的功能更加协调、有序。更多还原

【Abstract】 Qigong originating in China is a self-training approach of the body and mind. Although there are varieties of qigong exercises, it is common to emphasize relaxation and meditation. In the process of meditation ，the functional change of the brain plays a leading role. In recent years EEG has been used in observation of the cerebral functional change. Only with the qualitative analysis of the changes of EEG in the course of meditation can we have a comprehensive understanding of the influence of qigong training on the cerebral function.The aim of this study is to observe the beneficial effects of short periods (two months) three-thread relaxation training on electroencephalogram (EEG), electromyography of frontal muscle, skin temperature and mood. It focuses on the correlation between the extents of alteration in index of EEG and the personality and behavior pattern of the subject. At the same time, we discuss the neuroendocrine and autonomous mechanisms underlying meditation and relaxation, and try to find more evidence that will make this technology apply in the clinical practices better. 68 subjects in the study group and 32 subjects in the control group were involved in this experiment. All the subjects were college students in Beijing University of Chinese Medicine. The study group received relaxation training, while the control group without. In two months observation, the subjects of the study group doing three-thread relaxation training for 20 minutes every day. Both groups were tested Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and Symptom Checklist (SCL-90) before and during the study. The study group were also tested electroencephalogram (EEG), electromyography and skin temperature before and after the observation. The correlation between the personality and the extents of alteration in index of EEG were also studied. The results showed that after relaxation training the α index of all the eight cerebral regions elevated, especially that of the frontal, central and temporal regions. At the same time , the β index of each region decreased significantly. Not only the coherence function value of the left and right cerebral regions elevated, but also that of the anterior and posterior cerebral regions elevated. The relaxation training also affected the Synthetic index (SI). High wakefulness, Low-activation coefficient, Frontal superiority (FS), Quietness, and Synthetic index were significantly<WP=6>increased after training. The extents of alteration in index of EEG were correlated positively with the N-score of Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ), the total score and TH-score of Type A Behavior Pattern (TABP). It was observed that there was a higher tendency of EEG synchronization after training, the brain activity changed from "active" to "harmonious" and "calm". Changes of EEG indicate that qigong meditation may bring the cerebral activity towards synchronization, coordination and random to relieve mental stress.After training, the electromyography of frontal muscle and skin temperature were also improved in study group. After training, the scores of PSQI and SAS, the total score and each factor score of SCL-90 in study group were significantly lower compared with those before training. The most significant issue was that, along with the increase of prolonged duration of training, the scores mentioned above went down. It seemed that there was some dosage-effect relations. While in control group, the subjects’ psychologist situations became worse because the stress that the final examination was coming. Although there were no significant difference between the study group and control group at the beginning, the scores of PSQI and SAS in study group were significantly lower compared with the results of control group at the end of the observation.The research indicates that relaxation can improve psychosomatic states of undergraduates. The extents of alteration in index of EEG were correlated with the personality and behavior pattern of the subject. Rela更多还原