【作者】 罗庆慧；

【导师】 田学隆；

【作者基本信息】 重庆大学 ， 生物医学工程， 2002， 硕士

【摘要】 血液透析仪即人工肾，它的基本功能是代替人体肾脏，清除人体代谢废物，可以降低血液中大多数毒性物质含量。完成此功能的基本手段是透析和超滤。溶质通过半透膜，从高浓度溶液向低浓度溶液移动，称为透析。液体在压力梯度作用下通过半透膜的运动，称为超滤，具体是指水份从血液侧向透析液侧移动。肾脏病人通过透析清除代谢废物，保持体内电解质、酸碱平衡；通过超滤，排除体内滞留的水份，这就是血液透析的基本原理。针对目前血液透析仪大多数是从国外进口，并且价格相当昂贵，而且目前我国的肾功能衰竭患者急剧增加，本课题旨在研究和开发一种新型血液透析仪，希望能解决我国对血液透析仪的大量需求。本论文首先对血液透析原理作了系统的介绍同时介绍了整个血液透析的治疗过程。以及此血液透析仪所具有的功能，包括血液流路、透析液回流路以及压力检测、空气气泡检测、温度检测等。然后介绍了整台设备在第一阶段基于ISA接口硬件设计，此阶段仪器主要是通过ISA接口卡来控制设备的运行与安全检测，其病人数据资料，血液流量设置，数据的显示以及数据的备份全部在计算机上操作。本论文的重点是在设备的第二阶段开发，它是基于PIC系列单片机接口的硬件设计，主要是针对现阶段大多数医疗设备都是采用嵌入式结构，它能够脱离计算机单独运行。在这部分详细介绍了PIC16F877单片机的外围电路，包括A／D信号的采集、单片机与计算机的串行通信，可编程逻辑器件CPLD硬件的设计，以及用硬件描述语言VHDL编程来同时实现4路步进电机的转速控制。最后，介绍了血液透析管理软件的设计，其中重点介绍了在数据采集中实时曲线与历史曲线的实现方法。作者已经实现整台血液透析仪的硬件设计和软件设计，同时血液透析仪现在能够稳定安全的运行。该系统的试验结果表明，系统检测的数据和结果达到了预定的研究目标。更多还原

【Abstract】 The basic function of hemodialysis instrument (manual renal) is to replace the human being’s kidney. This instrument can clean out the metabolized waste of the body and reduce most of poisonous substances in blood;hemodialysis and ultrafiltration are the usual methods to complete these functions. When solute passes through half film from the denser solution to the thinner one,this process is called dialysis. Ultrafiltration is the movement of the liquid passing through the half film when the liquid is affected by the pressure grads,which can be described precisely as the molecule moves from the blood to the dialytic solution. With dialysis to clean out the metabolized waste,the nephritic patients can keep a balance of electrolyte,acid and alkali in body;with ultrafiltration the patients can clean out resorted molecule in body. These are the basic theories of hemodialysis.At present,most of hemodialysis instruments are imported from foreign countries and the prices are very high. On the other hand,the number of renal failure patients is increasing sharply. Therefore,the main purpose of this project is to make a research and design a new-style hemodialysis instrument so as to meet the massive demand of this equipment in our country.The paper systematically introduces the basic theory of hemodialysis firstly,and the using procedure of the equipment secondly. The functions of hemodialysis instrument include the blood circuit,the dialysate circuit,the pressure detection,the air bubble detection and temperature detection. The second part introduces the hardware design of the whole instrument in the first period,which is based on the ISA interface,hi this period the equipment precedes its operation and safe detection mainly by the ISA interface card. Also the patients’ data,the setting of the blood flux and the display and backup of data are all executed on the computer. The emphasis of this article is the design in the second period,which is based on the PIC microchip interface,because at present embedded structure is adopted by most of medical instruments so that it can run separately without computer,hi this part the article specifically introduces the interface circuit of PIC16F877 single-chip,which includes the acquisition of A/D signals and the serial communication between the single-chip and computer,the design of Complex Programmable Logic Device (CPLD) and the using of Hardware Describe Language(VHDL) to control the rotate speed of 4-route stepping motors. Finally it describes the design of hemodialysis management software,and especially the methods to display the historical curves and real-time curves in the data acquisition.The author has already realized the design of hardware and software of the whole hemodialysis instrument. Furthermore,the equipment can work stably and safely. The tests of this system show that datum and results to measure are almost identical with the object of research.更多还原