中国集体土地使用权交易制度研究

【作者】 樊桓锐；

【导师】 肖乾刚；

【作者基本信息】 郑州大学 ， 经济法学， 2002， 硕士

【摘要】 中国集体土地使用权交易制度是建立在所有权公有基础上的规制集体土地使用权交易的规则。集体土地使用权交易包括土地所有者让渡使用权的设立交易和土地使用权主体实现其使用权的流转交易。对该交易制度的研究必然涉及制度选择、制度安排和制度创新。首先要明确土地资源是稀缺的，有关土地资源配置的制度也是稀缺的。尽管集体土地使用权与所有权相分离从理论上说是有利于有效配置资源和实现社会成员最大化利益的；但是，关于集体土地使用权交易市场建立和完善的制度供给不足，尚不能完全体现土地使用权从所有权中分离的应有之义。现有法律实体规则的存在证明中国已经确立了集体土地使用权交易制度，并在实践中取得了一定成效；但同时要认识到该制度的缺陷和不足，需要对其予以完善。回顾集体土地使用权交易制度变迁过程，可以确定权利主体更趋多元、产权界定更为细化是该制度变迁的方向。另外，在制度变迁过程中，国家是制度的供给者，推行强制性制度变迁。 对中国集体土地使用权交易现状的分析进一步说明了集体土地使用权交易制度创新和完善的必要性。现有制度安排尚不能满足交易的前提条件——产权明晰。集体土地所有权主体代表多元化、所有权主体与使用权主体之间“权、责、利”界定不清以及土地产权涵义界定不清制约了集体土地使用权交易的顺利运作。产权的界定不明应当是制度创新时首先要解决的问题。另外通过研究我国农村普遍存在的兼业行为，可以得出赋予农民长期土地使用权，将激励对农业的长期投资，有效利用土地资源的结论。随着社会不断发展，农业落后状况要求解除资源约束，扩大农业经营规模。特别是加入 WTO后，农户小规模经营府以适应大巾场的客观要求，必须从制度 层由删制农业适度经营现俱的形成和儿改 以集体＿－卜也仲用权交易 制度的健全为制度建设的基础。对支徽省芜湖巾集体建设用地使用 权流转试点情况的分析充分表明集体建设用地入市是大势所趋，规 范建设用地使用权交易是提高土地利用率，有效配青土地资源的有 效手段。 尽管制度具有较强的“资产专用性”，但刽对其他国家或地区农 村土地产权制度若干方面予以研究，出会为集体士地使用权交易制 度的创新提供方向性的借鉴。本文主要从前苏联及东欧国家土地私 有化、西方国家农地经营规模变化和政府对农地交易的管制等三个 方面进行简要分析，说明了我国集体土地俊川权交易制度的完善不 可一跑而就，不能直接以其他国家为模本，照抄照搬；当然对于共 性的东西可予以借鉴。 本文将集体土地使用权交易制度创新的目标设定为两个。一是 根本性目标，即实现土地资源可持续发展和农业可持续发展：二是 基础性目标，即改善农民生存状况，实现城乡共同发展。上述目标 是基于长远利益与眼前利益的协调，整体利益与局部利益的协调而 确定的。本文对集体上地使用权交易制度创新的内容提出若于建设。 首先，山国家对集体土地权利构制作出重新安排。具体来说，主要 是华持集体所有制不变，明确所有权卞体，以及将集体土地使用权 的权利概念法定化，明确土地使用权主体，以及上地使用权权能。 其次，国家应当用立注的形式明确确定集体＿上地使用权交易制度， 建立规范、自由的产权交易市场，仗土地资源从低价值的用途向更 高价。值的用途转移。另外，国家应当北集体上地使用权交易市场的 允善进行适当的、有效的‘r预，卞要是创制普适性的法律和完善土 地首理制度。制度运行的缔效还要山制度的外部环境来约束。创新 V集体土地使用权交易制度时，要汀意亢善其桐关制度与之融合，从而减少制度运计的成本。较为篮要的人似Z秩序的完善，先进文化和主体意识形怂的培育，制度创新实施机制的建立和加强配套制度创新。总之，通过本义分析表明中口现有的集体土地使用权交易制度已不能满足社会经济增长的需求，必须进行制度创新和完善，以尽可能使制度供给与制度需求渐近均衡状忐。更多还原

【Abstract】 Chinese transaction system of the right to use collective land regulates the behavior of transaction. The system is on the basis of public ownership. The right transaction includes establishing transaction and circulating transaction. It is necessary to research system choice, arrangement and innovation in the article. Land resources are scarce and systems about allocating land resources are scarce too. Particularly it’s difficult to supply perfect transaction system of the right to use collective land of China. Although the system has been established and won initial success, it doesn’t indicate the significance of separation of two rights. In view of reviewing the process of change, it’s clear that the direction of system change was impelling subject pluralist and making property rights diversify and system was provided by the state.Making an analysis of the present situation of the transaction of the right to use collection land takes further steps to prove the necessarity of innovation and perfection of the system. Present system arrangement hardly meets the needs of transaction - distinct property rights. There are some factors to restrict smooth transaction, such as vague implication of property rights. In the process of system innovation, the problem of making property rights clear must be solved firstly. Through researching the behavior of holding concurrent posts of peasant in countryside, the conclusion of giving them long-term right to use land can be obtained. It’ll be effective to encourage long-term investment of agriculture and use land resources. With the growth of society, backward situation of agriculture demands to relieve the restriction ofresources and expand management scale. Especially after acceding to the WTO , peasants’ management of small scale hardly fits in with the needs of big market. Thus, it’s essential to regulate the formation and development of management scale of agriculture by providing complete systems. Improving the transaction system of the right to use collective land should be the foundation of system construction. It’s stated clearly that making building land enter market is the general trend and popular feeling and making behavior of transaction of right to use building land standard is effective to allocate land resources through analyzing situation of experimental unit of collective building land in Wuhu, Anhui Province.Though system has private nature, learning from foreign countries and drawing on their experience can point the way of system innovation. Through analyzing systems of land property rights of other countries or areas , it’s known that perfecting transaction system of right to use collective land can’t be accomplished in one move. Copying the models without distinction is not practicable.In this article, two aims are designed about innovation of transaction system of the right to use collective land, to realize sustained development of land resources and agriculture and to improve living situation of peasants and level of common development of city and countryside. Choice the aims are based on coordination of long-term interest and immediate interest, overall interest and partial interest. In the article, several proposals are put forward. First, state should rebuild structure of right of collective land. Mainly, state should adhere to collective ownership and make clear ownership subjects. And the rightconcept of the right to use collective land should be set in the legal system. Second, state should set the rules of transaction system definitely and build standard and free market of property rights to make the use of land resources effectively. And state should intervene the market of transaction of the right to use collective land suitably, to create universal law and to perfect regulatory regime of land. The effect of system implement should be restricted by outside system environment. So it’s important to perfect related systems to fit transaction system of the right to use collective land. Coordination among systems will lower the更多还原