理性的回归

【作者】 李晓江；

【导师】 李文成；

【作者基本信息】 郑州大学 ， 马克思主义哲学， 2002， 硕士

【摘要】 引言 理性观念折射出了人的什么样的“认识兴趣”，以及理性观念演变的概况 1、理性观念所反映出的人的“认识兴趣”就在于对能够保证人的自由和解放的普遍秩序和生活规范的追求。 2、本文写作的目的就是在西方哲学发展的大背景中，力图发现前人是如何确立这种普遍秩序和生活规范的根据的。 3、前人解决这一问题的进程大致分为三个阶段。 第一部分理性与秩序 1、古希腊罗马时期的理性首先在本体论意义上被理解为宇宙的秩序，而人的理性是这种宇宙理性的一个同质的部分，由此推出人应该按照理性生活。 2、作为西方理性主义传统之开端的古希腊罗马时期的理性观念中就隐含着一种神秘主义。理性与神秘的契合之处就在于它们都企图建立一种倒金字塔式的世界结构，都试图为世界确立一个唯一的、普遍的、永恒的中心。这种神秘的因素在理性主义以后的发展中也并没有被清除。 第二部分 自我意识的觉醒与理性 1、近代理性观念演变的重要特征就是理性的主观化。路德的宗教改革、笛卡尔的“我思”哲学以及康德的先验哲学是理性观念主观化过程中的几个重要环节。 2、如果说理性观念的主观化是其在近代的一大特色，那么，对理性所具有的“永恒”、“普遍”、“必然”的特征的肯定则是古代和近代理性观念的共同之处。 3、德国古典哲学所恢复和发展的辩证法给近代的理性观念增添了生动的内容，使之由自在的、静止的实体转变为“活的”、发展着的实体。 第三部分 理性与方法 1、对“工具”和“方法”的注重是近代以来理性观念转变的又一重要内容。培根对知识的功能与价值的新的看法，就包含了这一转变的契机。 2、从方法论角度去理解理性引起了两个方面的争论。法伊尔阿本德的“反对方法”实质上也就是反对那种认为自己占有唯一正确的方法和合理性标准的唯科学主义理性观，反对对理性与非理性、科学与非科学作截然的两分。 3、解释学的意义不仅在于它为人文科学提供了方法论的支持，更在于它通过对理解的历史性的论证，要求把自启蒙运动以来被片面化和绝对化了的理性重新植根于人的具体的历史存在中去。 第四部分 交往理性与主体间性 1、交往理性概念的提出是对启蒙运动以来的理性观念的反思。20世纪初西方哲学的所谓“语言学转向”构成了交往理性产生的一个重要的理论背景，它反映了哈贝马斯试图从一个新的视角看待人与世界的关系并反思建立合理的生活规范的路径。 L 交往理性的内涵。 3、交往理性概念的意义。 第五部分 结束语：理性向人的回归 1、理性观念的演变是在现实的人与世界的关系框架中展开的。从古代到近代的社会发展体现出的一个基本主题是人的解放，这构成了理性观念由古代的客观主义到近代主观主义再到主客观的具体的历史的统一的演变过程的现实基础。 2、正如现实中人的解放过程的曲折和复杂，理性观念体现这一主题的方式也是曲折、复杂的。理性观念的演变除了体现出解放的主题以外，还往往或明或暗地表现出相反的主题，其中的原因主要是发端于古希腊罗马的实体理性观一直在顽固地影响着人们的思维。 3、就思维自身而言，要防止把理性理解成自在自为的实体，必须要注意到人的理论思维所隐含的缺陷性。更多还原

【Abstract】 IntroductionWhat kind of cognitive interest does the concept of reason represent?1 The cognitive interest represented’by the concept of reason is to seek for the universal order and living principle that can insure man freedom and emancipation.2 The aim of the thesis is to find out how the former philosophers have been determining the grounds of the universal order and living principle in the background of the history of Western Philosophy.Part One Reason and Order1 In the ancient Greece and Rome, reason was primarily a category of Ontology, and was therefore regarded as the cosmic inbuilt order, with human reason as a homogeneous part of it. A life of reason is a life of goodness.2 In the same period, reason was related to mystery. Such a concept of reason has produced a far-reaching influence on the development of Western Philosophy.Part Two Reason and the Waking up of Human Self-Consciousness1 In the late Middle Ages and early modern period, the main change of the concept of reason lay in the fact that it was understood fundamentally in the framework of subjectivity. Luther’s religion reform, Descartes’ / think, therefore I am, and Kant’s transcendental philosophy made up for the indispensable links of the change.2 Subjective is a key attributive word to understand modern concept of reason, but there are some other key words, such as perpetual, only, universal, etc., which also constitute the connection between the ancient and the modern concept of reason.3 Dialectics restored by classical German philosophy injected vivid contents into the concept of reason, which, therefore, become a living substance rather than a motionless one.Part There Reason and Methodology1 Emphasis on methodology and instrumentality is another important change of the concept of reason.2 It caused various arguments to understand reason on terms of methodology.Paul Feyerabend’s objection to methodology is actually objection to the concept of science that there is an only correct methodology and an only criterion of reason.3 In the development of human cognition, the significance of Hermeneutics is not only to provide Humanities with proper methodology, but to insist that there be no perpetual and absolute reason. The root of reason is in the human concrete historic existence.Part Four Communicative Reason and Inter-Subjectivity 1 The background of the concept of communicative reason. 2 What is communicative reason?3 Some criticism on the concept of communicative reason. Part Five Reason’s Returning to Man1 The metamorphosis of the concept of reason has been proceeding in the relationship between man and the outside world. One of the great themes throughout the social development from ancient to modern times is emancipation, which constitutes the realistic basis of the changes from the ancient objective reason to the modern subjective reason. But on the other hand, there has been a hiding contrary theme in the development of the concept of reason, as a result of the retaining of ancient the concept of substantive reason.2 As a category of human cognition, reason is the reflection of man’s seeking for freedom and emancipation, but such a kind of reason as substance used to be an obstacle to man’s emancipation and freedom. Apart from social and political reasons, some defects in the human theoretical thinking should also be taken into account.更多还原