民事法律行为效力制度的法理研究

【作者】 付建平；

【导师】 李玉生；

【作者基本信息】 南京师范大学 ， 法学理论， 2002， 硕士

【摘要】 民事法律行为，即大陆法系话语背景下的法律行为，指私人的、旨在引起某种法律效果的意思表示。此种效果之所以得依法产生，皆因行为人希冀其发生。 民事法律行为效力指当事人意思表示的约束力或拘束力，其约束力或拘束力的权威由国家强制力予以保障。民事法律行为具有相当于法律的效力的法理根据在于一个前提、一种局限和三个目标。一个前提是指对民事法律行为主体的理性人假定，即民事法律行为之所以被赋予相当于法律的效力在于法律首先假定每一个当事人均具有理性。一种局限指国家的治理技术包括法律治理技术的局限，这一局限的存在使得国家不得不在一定范围内放任当事人自主决定。三个目标指价值上的目标、经济上的目标、社会进步的目标，即人们坚持认为这一制度能够达到价值上的、经济上的和社会进步的目标。 民事法律行为具有不同的效力类型，如有效的法律行为、可撤销的法律行为、效力待定的法律行为等。效力类型具有多样性的理由是：一个前提中理性人假定的失败、“一种局限”理论中的局限性得到补救、三个目标的缺失或部分缺失。换句话说，由于人的有限理性，国家治理技术的成熟和人们行为目标的难以完全实现的事实，我们才赋予法律行为以不同的效力。 我们依据“损害原则”来划分民事法律行为效力类型。可撤销法律行为指有关当事人利益受到或可能受到不正当损害的法律行为，其损害的对象是作为完全行为能力人的法律行为的某一方当事人，损害的客体是某一方当事人的经济上的利益及个体人格上的利益。效力未定法律行为指损害或可能损害与当事人有关的第三人的利益或限制行为能力人的利益的法律行为，其损害的对象为与当事人有关的第三人或限制行为能力人，损害的客体是经济上的利益、个体自决的利益。无效法律行为指损害或可能损害社会公共利益与私法自治的根本精神的法律行为，其损害的对象为当事人以外的不特定人或无行为能力人，损害的客体为公共利益或社会文明进步之利益。 总体而言，民事法律行为效力制度的变化与社会演进紧密联系。在社会的进程中，民事法律行为效力制度走过了一个从“身份”到“契约”的运动，从形式主义到非形式主义的运动，从家庭本位到个人本位、社会本位的运动，从绝对到相对的运动。更多还原

【Abstract】 A civil legal act, a juristic act in the perspective of Continental Law System, refers to a personal declaration of will for certain legal effect. The validity of the effect relies on the doer’s will.The effect of a civil legal act is the binding force of the doer’s declaration of will, which is guaranteed by national power. The theoretical basis for the effect of the act is shown in a premise, a limitation, and 3 goals. The premise is a presumption that humans possess the rational faculty; the limitation lies in the national techniques of governing, including legal techniques, which leaves a space for litigants’ self-determination; 3 goals are set in value, economy, and society, which are expected to be achievable.A civil legal act can be effective, rescindable, or pending. The reason for the multiple effects is the fault in the presumption about humans’ rational faculty, the disappearance of the limitation in national techniques of governing, and the absence of the above 3 goals. In other words, legal acts are endowed with varying effects because of the limitation in humans’ rational faculty, the immaturity of national techniques of governing, and the inability to actualize the 3 goals.The effects of legal acts are classified according to "Principle of Injury". A rescindable act is one that brings unlawful injury, actual or possible, to the parties’ interests. In this act, the target of the injury is a party with full legal capacity and the object is the economical or personal interest of either party. In contrast, a pending act is one that brings actual or possible injury to the interest of third party or person limited in capacity. In a pending act, the target of injury is third party or person limited in capacity, and the object is the interest in economy or self-determination. Finally, an invalid act is one that brings injury to public interest and autonomy of private law. In this act, the target of injury is uncertain person or persons of legal inability, and the object is public interest or the progress in social civilization.All in all, the development in effects system of civil legal acts is closely related to the evolution of the society. In the course of social development, the effects of civil legal acts experienced a movement from "identity" to "contract", from formalism to non-formalism, from family-oriented to individual-oriented and society-oriented, and from absoluteness to relativity.更多还原