技术创新与山东省经济发展研究

【作者】 蔚文靖；

【导师】 王有邦；

【作者基本信息】 山东师范大学 ， 人文地理学， 2002， 硕士

【摘要】 技术创新是由奥地利经济学家熊彼特(J．A．Shumpeter)最早提出，并应用于经济学分析中。这一概念在20世纪80年代中期引入中国技术经济界，但截至目前，学术界对其内涵的认识还不尽一致。文中提出的技术创新，是指企业应用创新的知识和新技术、新工艺，采用新的生产方式和经营管理模式，提高产品质量、开发生产新的产品、提供新的服务、占据市场并实现市场价值的活动。因此，它本质上既不是纯经济学范畴，也不是纯技术学范畴，而是以技术为手段，以满足市场需求和促进经济发展为目标，科技与经济相互促进、相互转化的过程。技术创新具有市场性、创造性、综合性及风险性等基本特征，其内容包括产品技术创新、工艺技术创新、生产设备技术创新、市场创新和管理技术创新等五个方面。自主型、合作型及转移型是它的三种基本模式。 技术进步对于区域经济发展的作用机制表现在三个方面。首先，它能使现有的资金和劳动力更充分地发挥作用，在生产活动中产生波状乘数效应或指数效应，从而创造超常的经济增长幅度。技术进步越快，这种乘数增量的效果就越显著。正如新古典经济增长理论的主要代表人物索洛所认为的，发明能增加资本的生产力并足以抵消资本收益递减。其次，它可以带来经济效益的提高。产品或工程设计的改进可以降低能耗物耗，提高物资的利用效率；活劳动的节约，可以提高劳动生产效率；产品质量的提高、新产品的开发，可以增加产值和利润；管理水平的改善和提高，可以从更高层次上实现生产、经营活动的高效益。第三，技术创新可以实现经济增长的集约化，是经济增长方式的转换器。从根本上说，产业形成、分化和新兴产业的诞生都是技术进步的结果。 制定区域经济发展的战略模式必须从当地实际情况出发。近年来，山东省技术创新活动虽然收到较大成效，但仍存在科技体制和经济体制相互脱节的现象，科技成果未能很好地转化为经济优势和竞争优势。山东省科技进步速度偏低(仅为4.63％)，科技进步对经济增长的贡献率仅为30.65％，与发达国家和国内先进省市相比存在较大差距，经济增长方式仍以粗放型为主；企业是技术创新的主体，但山东省创新主体的缺位和研发经费投入偏少，造成了总体创新能力的不足；由于产学研结合不紧密，山东省许多科研成果未能转化为现实的生产力，科技成果的转化率较低；高新技术产业及开发区对于技术创新具有带动作用，但目前山东在规模上还偏小。解决以上问题，是确保山东实施技术创新道路，促进经济快速发展的当务之急。 山东省经济发展水平、产业结构和现有的科技水平与发达国家及地区的差距很大。实施跨越式发展模式，用高新技术改造、提升传统产业，实现工业结构的升级换代，从而在某些领域、某些行业抢占制高点以获得经济效益，是尽快缩小与发达地区差距的必行之路。适应世界经济一体化趋势，实施外向型经济发展模式能增强山东产品的国际竞争力。日本短线模式是指在引进技术的基础上，开展消化、吸收并实现二次创新。山东省科技水平落后于国内发达省市，选择短线模式，是一条振兴全省经济的捷径，也是促进 区域经济协调发展的有效途径。随着经济的发展、资源的消耗和生存质量要求的提高，经济的可持续发展越来越受到国内外的重视。笔者认为，要 山 东 师范大学硕 士学位论文 实现经济的可持续发展，应采取一种新型的技术发展模式，即可持续的技术创新（STI， sustainable technology nnovation）。简单地说，就是创造并将能够实现可持续发展的 技术推向市场。这是山东未来经济发展所应选择的长远模式。 为确保山东省技术创新战略的实施，笔者认为，一方面要加大宣传工作，强化人 们的创新意识；另一方面还要为技术创新提供良好的环境。因此，要统一规划高新技 术产业及开发区建设；加大对科技研发经费的投入，调整经费中用于引进和再创新的 乡 比例关系；实施产学研相结合，加强科技中介服务体系的建设，大力推广科技成果的 转化和应用；同时建立完善的科技激励机制和规范的科技立法，加强知识产权的管理1 和保护。 总之，本文出于促进山东经济健康、持续发展的目的，通过分析技术创新对经济1 发展的作用机理，提出了促进山东省经济快速增长的技术创新道路。并结合省内发展 现状及存在的问题，构想出山东省未来经济发展模式及应选择的战略重点。希望通过 实施全新的技术创新战略，能够实现山东经济的跨越式发展。更多还原

【Abstract】 The research of technology innovation was firstly proposed by Austria economist J. A. Shumpeter. This conception was accepted by Chinese academe in the 1980’s, but they can not agree with each other about the connotation of it by far. hi this article, the meaing of technology innovation is that enterprise use new knowledge, new technique, new mode of production and new experience of management to improve the quality of production ^ to explode new production, to provide new service and put them to the market, hi essence, it donot belongs to the field of pure economics, nor the field of pure technics. In fact it is inosculation of economics and technics.Technology innovation has characteristic of technics and economics, such as creariveness, comprehensibility, marketability and fatalness. Its content relates to the innovation about production, process N equipment s market and management. Self-determination , cooperation and diversion are three basic modes of it.Technology innovation can propel the economic development in particular area. First, it can bring super economic growth, because it enhance the effect of investment and labour force. The faster technology innovation growth is, the greater its effect is. The neoclassic economist considers that technology innovation can increase the productivity and enough to counteract diminishing returns.Second, technology innovation can improve economic benefit. Firstly, it can decrease the consumption of energy and material, so it can improve utilization efficiency. Secondely, it can save labour force, so it can improve the efficiency of labour. Thirdly, it can increase production value by improving quality and exploring new products. Besides, it can improve the management level.Third, technology innovation can advance the reform of economic structure, hi the final analysis, technology innovation results in industry formation and differentiation. Intensivism economic growth owns mostly to contribution of technology innovation. So technology innovation is the converter of economic growth.Establishing strategic mode of economic growth must accord with actual condition. Although technology innovation have made a certain achievements in Shandong Province, yet technical system is not tightly combined with economic system. The speed of technic growth is low (only 4.63%), and the ratio of technic contribution to economic growth is only 30.65%. Besides, the ability to technology innovation is lacking and the convertion ratio of technicalachievement is small. And the action of high and new technology industries is not extruding. How to solve these problems is an urgent task of today.The economical leveK industry structure and technical level in Shandong Province behind lag developed areas obviously. So the short cut to lessen the gap is to improve industrial structure by using high-new technique and implementing striding developing mode. To adapt to integration of the world economy and to develop extroverteing economical mode can enhance production competitiveness. For example, short line mode in Japan is on the basis of inducing and absorbing advanced technique. The technique level in Shandong Province lags behind other developed provinces in China. So choosing short line mode is a short cut to cheer up economy in Shandong Province. It is also a short cut to advance economy develop harmonioualy. With economy developing , resource consumption and request for raise survival quality, economy sustainable development becomes more important. I think that it should adopt new technique developing mode to realize economy sustainable development, i.e. sustainable technology innovation. In a word, we should creat sustainable technique and put it into market. This is the long-run economy developing mode in Shandong Province.In order to ensure the implement of the technology innovation statics in Shandong Province, we should take the following actions. One side, we should strengthen propaganda to improve consciousness. On the other side, we should creat good enviroment更多还原