清末禁烟运动研究（1906—1911）

【作者】 张志勇；

【导师】 田海林；

【作者基本信息】 山东师范大学 ， 中国近现代史， 2002， 硕士

【摘要】 鸦片与整个晚清史相始终。自林则徐始，一代代中国人为消除烟毒之害而发动了一场场禁烟运动。其中，尤以清末禁烟运动成效最为显著。鉴于清末禁烟运动在中国禁毒史上的重要性，学术界对其相当关注并进行了一定程度的研究，但现有研究成果仍存在诸多不足之处。 本文充分发掘并利用了一系列中外文史料：其一、中国第一历史档案馆藏《军机大臣全宗档案》、《政务处全宗档案》；其二、《政治官报》、《外交报》、《浙江禁烟官报》、《中国国民禁烟总会杂志》；其三、China Maritime Customs：Returns of Trade and Trade Reports；Decennial Reports,Shanghai：the Statistical Department of the Inspectorate General of Customs；其四、The Opium Trade 1910-1941，London：Scholarly Resources INC.。 以上述资料为基础，本文采用专题式的研究方式，论述了清末禁烟谕旨与禁烟运动的关系；详细考察了禁烟大臣的职责、活动、成绩以及禁烟公所的建置；对全国各省禁烟机构的设立情形、禁烟机构的职能进行了概观扫瞄；对中英两国禁烟交涉的过程、英方关于禁烟运动的调查以及中英《禁烟条件》的实施等问题进行了廓清；展示了外国所把持的中国海关对清末新政时期禁烟运动的各种反映；研究了禁烟与清政府的财政矛盾，指出了禁烟为清政府带来的种种财政困难，并揭示了禁烟引起的社会矛盾与清王朝覆亡的必然关系；论述了辛亥革命风潮对清末民初禁烟运动的历史推动作用；对晚清禁烟志士许珏在清末禁烟新政中的建树做了深入探讨；总结了清末禁烟新政的历史特质。从而填补了某些学术空白。 本文还对清末新政时期全国各地方区域的禁烟状况进行了详细的考察；对清末洋土药税厘与清政府财政的矛盾关系作了缜密的数字化体现；对辛亥革命风潮中全国各地禁烟的情状作了全面的疏理；对清末禁烟新政的成就、作用、局限性及其原因，作了全面、深入而又系统的阐释与总结。从而加强了某些学术薄弱环节。 此外，本文对于清末禁烟新政时期有所谓“禁烟总局”成立的问题进行了否定性考证，通过对清末禁烟新政时期大批中外文史料的仔细爬疏，对此问题进行了认真的剥削与检讨，最终证明清政府虽曾议设禁烟总局，但最终并未落实。本文还对清末新政时期会议政务处奏拟《禁烟章程》的时间进行了考证。朱寿朋编 《光绪朝东华录》将上述时间定为光绪三十二年十月戊寅，即 1906年 11月 30日，而外务部于 1908年 3月 19日所奏关于禁烟与各国交涉情形一折中则认为是光绪三十二年十月初六日，即 1906年 11月 21日。本文根据当时中英关于禁止洋药进口的照会证明后者更接近史实。 本文还首先使用“清末禁烟新政”一词，对清末新政时期的禁烟运动进行了理论概括。同时，本文针对学术界近年来出现的只注重中国近代化问题而忽视革命运动问题的片面研究倾向，以及甚至认为反帝反封建的民主革命阻碍了中国近代化发展的观点，通过考察辛亥革命与禁烟运动，论证社会革命与社会近代化的辨证关系，得出了辛亥革命不仅实际推动了中国禁烟运动与中国社会近代化，而且在辛亥革命后，中国社会仍然需要继续革命，直到革命成果得以巩固的结论。 考察清末禁烟运动，不仅对研究中国近代禁毒史、清末新政史、辛亥革命史以及中国近代社会史、中国近代中外关系史等方面，具有重大学术价值；而且对推动当代中国社会的禁毒事业，维护中国社会的长治久安与中华民族的身心健康等方面，也具有重要的理论借鉴意义。更多还原

【Abstract】 Opium was a very important problem in the whole history of the Late Qing Dynasty . From Lin Zexu, generations of Chinese people carried on one after another anti-opium movement, in which the Anti-Opium Movement at the End of Qing Dynasty was the most effective one . Although the academic circles have studied deeply the Anti- Opium Movement at the End of Qing Dynasty for its importance in the modern Chinese history, there are still a lot of untouched problems. The thesis searched and used broadly the Chinese and English materials: First, the materials in the First History Archives of China: the Whole Archives of the Ministers of the Privy council of the Uanchu Court’, the Whole Archives of the Department of the Governmental Affairs. Second, some journals. Third, China Maritime Customs: Returns of Trade and Trade Reports; Decennial Reports, Shanghai:the Statistical Department of the Inspectorate General of Customs. Fourth, the Opium Trade(1910- 1941), London: Scholarly Resources INC.Taking these materials as the basis, with the special subjects as the form, the thesis discusses the relations between the anti-opium imperial decrees and the Anti- Opium Movement at the End of Qing Dynasty, examines carefully the duty, activities .achievements of the Anti-Opium Ministers and the Anti -Opium Bureau, studies the formation, duties of the anti-opium stations in the provinces with a general view; makes the diplomatic process about anti-opium between China and England, the investigation of the England to the the Anti-opium movement and the Anti-opium Conditions between China and England clear, exhibits the situation of the Anti-Opium Movement during the New Reforms at the End of Qing Dynasty from the China Maritime Customs in the hand of the foreign countries, studies the contradictions between the Anti -opium Movement and the finance of the Qing Government of Qing Dynasty, points out the difficulties that produced fromthe Anti-Opium Movement and the perdition of the Qing Dynasty, discusses the active affection of the Revolution of 1911 to the anti-opium movement, states the activities and the results of Xu Jue in the New Anti -Opium Reform, concludes the history characters of the New Anti-Opium Reform, which fill the academic blanks.And this thesis examines more carefully the anti-opium situation of the districts during the New Reforms at the End of the Qing Dynasty , shows the contradictory relations between the tax and lijin with the finance of the Qing Government with the more exact statistics , describes more deeply the situation of anti-opium during the Revolution of 1911, concludes and explains more deeply and completely the achievement, affections, limits and their reasons of the New Anti-Opium Reform at the End of Qing Dynasty.The thesis negatively investigates the problem if the f General Anti-opium Bureau was built. After the carefully study of the Chinese and English materials, the thesis finally proves that although the Qing Government had discussed to build the General Anti -Opium Bureau , it was not built at last. The thesis investigates the date when the Department of the Government Affairs reported the Anti- opium Regulations to emperor. The date in the Record of Guang Xu Period edited by Zhu Shoupeng was November twelfth 1906, but the report of the Diplomatic Department wrote on the diplomatic situation about anti-opium thought the date should be November 21st 1906. According to the notes about anti- opium between China and England, the thesis proves that the late one is more like the f act.The thesis first uses the word "the New Anti-Opium Reform at the End of Qing Dynasty" to conclude theoretically the Anti-Opium Movement during the New Reforms at the End of Qing Dynasty. To the partial tendency that the modernization problem of China is emphasized and the revolution problem of China is overlooked, the thesis studied the affection f the Revolution of 1911 to the anti-opium movement, demonstrates the dialectic between the social revolution and the social modernization, concludes firmly that更多还原