唐代家庭收入初探

【作者】 王志胜；

【导师】 傅永聚；

【作者基本信息】 曲阜师范大学 ， 专门史， 2002， 硕士

【摘要】 家庭是社会的细胞，家庭经济是社会经济的重要组成部分，它对社会的治乱兴衰、政权的稳固与否皆有重大影响。研究中国封建社会经济史，尤其是唐代社会的经济发展史，不应忽略对其基本细胞——家庭经济的研究。 唐朝社会的家庭类型多种多样，不一而足。不同的家庭背景、社会地位、居住环境、时代条件便构成了唐代家庭收入形式的五彩缤纷，并影响到各家庭收入的多少。受史料的局限，笔者遴选唐代贵族官僚、商人、农民三种地位不同的家庭作代表，拟从剖析唐代家庭收入这一切点入手，围绕唐代家庭收入的变化趋势；唐代家财管理；家庭收入对个人、国家的影响等诸方面，钩稽出唐代家庭收入的轮廓，展现唐代家庭经济的运转状况，以期窥探唐代社会经济发展规律和政治变动的原因。 一唐代家庭收入 (一)贵族官僚的家庭收入 1．贵族的家庭收入 贵族作为封建社会的特权阶层，血统的高贵，特权的拥有，使贵族们具有稳定的经济来源，其家庭收入颇为丰厚。李唐王朝由关陇贵族转化而来，贵族观念根深蒂固，在政府的保护下，通过嫁资收入、食封收入、商贸和高利贷收入，贵族的家庭经济急剧膨胀。 2．家僚的家庭收入 封建社会的各级官僚是统治阶级意志的执行者，政治上的权势必然要在经济上反映出来，唐代官员的家庭收入主要有官俸收入、地产收 入、经商收入及其它灰色收入等。此外，唐代官员还因战功显赫、治 声有嘉等均可受到皇帝的大量赏赐，且数量极大，在官员家庭收入中 占有重要地位。 （二）唐代商人的家庭收入 根据商人不同的社会地位，笔者将唐代商人划分为一般商人、多元 商人、特权商人三类。 1．一般商人的家庭收入 所谓一般商人即通过贱买蔫贵而获取收入的商人，或为城市居民提 供萌业服务的1萄人。他们经营单一、受社会影响大，投入资金少，获 利时问快，是最常见的一种商业收入。主要包括饮食商、茶商、药商、 租赁商、邪店商及在水陆要道经营的航运商等。 2．多元商人的家庭收入 即实行多元经营，收人方式多样，其身份多元化的商人，他们的收 入比一般商人多，其经营者主要是一些城市作坊主。 3．特权商人的家庭收入 即在家庭收入中，同其它商人杆1比具有特殊身份，他们获得政府在－某些专卖品贩卖权的商人。他们利用获得的特权，损公肥己，屯积聚 奇，大获其利，其收入更具有稳定性和丰厚性。唐代特权商人即获得 政府批准的盐、茶、酒等特别经营权的人，还包括政府雇用的充当“捉 饯令史”的商人。 （三）农民的家庭收入 1．唐前期的农民家庭收入 唐初，统治者慑于隋亡教训，政府大力推行均田制，因而农业和副 业收入构成了唐前期农民收入的主要方式，一定程度上增加了农民家 庭收入，改善了人民生活。 2．唐后期的农民家庭收入 唐后期，随着均田制的破坏，官僚、地主疯狂兼并土地，广大农民 几无可耕之田，只好沦为地主的佃户遭到盘剥，家庭经济达到崩溃的 边缘。是时，大多农民主要依靠家庭副业、进城打工等方式勉强维持也2 家庭生活，农民起义一触即发，唐政权发发可危。 二、唐代家庭收入管理 家庭收入的多种经营和管理活动是家庭生活的重要组成部分，尤其 是家庭收入的管理，是维系家庭稳定、促进家庭成员和睦相处的关键， 一定程度上体现了男女在家庭中的地位。传统封建社会的小农家庭人 口少，收入寡，其家财管理单一而简洁，而家大业大的商人、贵族家 庭，其家财管理有以下特点： 第一，同居共财。即财产共有，同财共炊、同炊合食，各种家庭收 入一律归公，作为家庭共用的财产。 第＿J，家长专管。即家庭收入归赤长全权丈配、处挫，i“幡禁止于 女对家庭收入的支配权，否则即属非法行为。 第三，均分原则。唐代家庭收入实行同居共财，人人有份，这客观 上要求家庭在分配和消费上实行平均主义，且常常被列为家规、家训， 同时也受到法律的确认。 第四，女性在家庭收入中的地位。 唐代女性在家庭收入中享有掌管管钥、处理陪嫁资财权、财产继承 权等权力。这表明唐代妇女在家庭经济中具有相对独立性。 三．唐代家庭收入的历史影响更多还原

【Abstract】 Family is the basic element of society and domestic economy is an important part of social economy. It has a great effect on social prosperity and political stability. To study the economic history of feudal society especially of Tang Dynasty we can not ignore the study on domestic economy.There’re various kinds of families in Tang Dynasty. Different backgrounds, social positions, living environments and conditions form the various domestic incomes of Tang Dynasty, which also affect the amount of domestic income. Due to the limitation of historical information, we select aristocrats and bureaucrats, businessmen and peasants to study to find out the rules and reasons for changing in social economic development Domestic Income of Tang Dynasty ( Domestic Income of Aristocrats .The aristocrat , is a special class in Feudal Society, Their noble extraction and special rights ensure them of stable income. Lee’s Tang Dynasty is derived from aristocrats so the notion of aristocracy is very deep. Protected by the government, the domestic income of aristocrats is very large by means of business and marriage usury.2. Domestic Income of Bureaucrats.Bureaucrats of different classes in Feudal Society carry out the governor’s willing. The priority in rights must be reflected in economy.The domestic income of officials in Tang Dynasty mainly contains salary, estate business and others. Besides, the officials are always awarded for their triumphs or governing. The money awarded takes an important part in their domestic income.(H) Domestic Income of businessmen of Tang Dynasty. According to their different social positions, we can divide businessmen into three types: common businessmen, plural businessmen and privileged businessmen.1.Domestic Income of Common Businessmen.Common businessmen refer to those who provide service for urban residents and get profits by doing so. They run a single business: invest little and benefit quickly, also they are affected greatly by the society. Their business mainly includes: diet, tea, medicine, rent, hotel and transportation:2.Domestic Income of Plural BusinessmenThey run various businesses and can gain from different means, their income is more than that of common businessmen. They mainly act as owners of factories.3 Domestic Income of Privileged BusinessmenCompared with other businessmen, they have some privileges------they can sell goods owned by the government, which mainly refer to salt, tea and liquor. By doing so they get large amount of income and of course their income is rather stable and rich.(H) Domestic Income of Peasants.1 The Earlier StageAt the earlier stage of Tang, the government carries out "Even-field" system. In this way, agriculture and side-occupations make up the income of peasants. Also, to some extent, it promotes the peasants’ income and their living condition.2. The Later Stage:At the later stage of Tang, bureaucrats and landlords annexed fields, the peasants have no fields to cultivate, so they have no choice but to act as serfs for landlords. At that time, there’s almost no domestic income for peasants, they make a living by side-occupations and some service for the noble. The society is at the edge of crisis, peasants’ rebellion is approaching.Zl. Management of Domestic IncomeThe running or managing of domestic income is the main part of domestic life. Especially the management is the key point to maintain the domestic stability and make the family harmonious. To some extent, it also reflects the domestic position of women and men. However, the management of businessmen and aristocrats families has the following characteristics:1 Residence and wealth sharing. That’s to share the wealth, to cook and consume together. Domestic income from any way will be put together and used as the wealth for all.2 The head has the privilege. That’s all the income will be managed by the head of the family. The children are banned to occupy any of the income.3 Principle of dividing equally. The更多还原