【作者】 申红果；

【导师】 黄正柏；

【作者基本信息】 华中师范大学 ， 世界近现代史， 2002， 硕士

【摘要】 欧洲联盟的社会政策有它独特的内涵。本文从历史的角度考察了欧盟社会政策的发展历程，总结了它的发展特点，辨析了阻碍欧盟社会政策统一或协调的原因。欧盟社会政策以《欧洲煤钢共同体条约》中维护煤钢工人利益的规定为萌发点，但政策范围和对象比较狭隘。《罗马条约》确立了欧盟社会政策的基本框架和原则，不仅把政策的对象扩大到所有经济一体化部门的工人，还逐渐充实了社会政策的具体内容，设立了欧洲社会基金以资助解决社会问题的项目，设立经济与社会委员会为部长理事会提供社会问题方面的咨询。60年代和70年代，共同社会政策的友展主要体现在对共同体条约已有的原则规定的实践上，这一时期涌现的众多部长理事会或共同体委员会的决议等二级立法而使某些社会政策规定得以落实。同时，社会一体化也开始逐渐受到人们的关注，特别是80年代欧洲联合重新启动以后。80年代和90年代及以后，欧盟社会政策的发展一部分随着欧洲联合的前进而体现在重大的共同体条约中，另一部分则体现在欧盟其他二级立法文件和“行动计划”之中。共同社会政策范围和对象都逐渐扩大，但在某些核心领域仍进展不大。建立欧盟社会政策的根本原因是为成员国创造公平的竞争环境，解决由经济一体化引起的社会问题，统一或协调成员国的社会政策并不是共同体的初衷。随着欧洲经济一体化的深入，欧洲人逐渐认识到建立“社会欧洲”的必要性，协调成员国社会政策成为一种自觉意识。欧盟社会政策的发展体现出四个主要特点，一是由相对模糊、简单、抽象、狭窄发展到比较清晰、丰富、具体、广泛；二是多样性与统一性并存，其中主要是多样性；三是社会政策由从属于欧盟经济政策的地位走到比较重要的位置上；四是统一或协调成员国社会政策的重要性已经被欧洲人认识到并给予重视。阻碍欧盟统一社会政策的主要原因有五个方面：第一，经历了不同的历史发展进程，欧盟成员国形成了各具特色的社会政策制度，它们之间差异很大，有的甚至是根本性差异。第二，欧盟成员国之间经济发展水平的不平衡，不仅有发达国家和相对落后国家之间的不平衡，同一国家内的不同地区和属于不同国家的各地区之间的发展也不平衡。第三，欧盟成员国的社会保障体制分别属于不同的模式，从指导理念到具体政策都有很大差距。第四，欧盟运作机制固 ．——。’一’。硕士的论二15 NNIN P： 一、＼1V11厂 X11【卜有的缺陷限制了欧盟在统一成员国社会政策方面的超国家权力，这种缺陷在本质上是政府间主义对欧盟决策造成主要影响，在具体诀策方式上则表现为一致表决原则和辅助原则的运用。最后，其他外界因素对欧盟社会政策发展的羁绊，如欧洲经济长期发展缓慢甚至停滞：德国统一后必须大量援助东部，从而给欧盟财政带来困难等。欧盟社会政策发展经历了一个坎坷曲折的历程，取得了许多成就，但还有更多的不完善之处，发展仍然很不充分。欧盟向中东欧的扩大还会给欧盗共同社会政策的发展增加新的不利因素。总之，欧盟社会政策的发展还有很长的路要走。更多还原

【Abstract】 The Social Policy of the European Union has its own special characteristics. This thesis, from the historic point of view, searches on the concrete way of development of the social policy of the EU, sums up the main characteristics of it, analyzes the main barriers which held it back. The Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC Treaty) , which has laid down some provisions to protect the interest of the workers in coal and steel industries, began the EU social policy. Afterwards the Treaty of Rome set the framework and basic principles of the EU social policy, which can be seen as the exact set-out of the EU social policy. The range and the objects of the social policy have been gradually enlarged comparative to the ECSC Treaty. At the same time, the Community built the European Social Fund, which sponsors the actions in social fields, and the Economy and Social Committee to give advice and information to the Council of Ministers. The 1960~1970s saw the emergence of sundry of the second legislations from the Council of Ministers or the Commission, which carried out the principles in the EC main Treaties and thus presented the development and practice of the social policy in this period. The main treaties and secondary legislations of EC/EU in 1980s and the aftermath both put forward the development of social policy. But the core social policies of the Member States have not been integrated till now. On the other hand the realization of the importance of an integrated social policy are increasing. The thesis holds that the primary reason that EU social policy came into being is to create a fair environment for the Member States and to solute the social problems caused by the economic integration. There are four main characteristics of the development of the EU social policy. The first is that it walked from comparatively vagueness, simplicity, abstraction, and narrowness to clearness, abundance, concrete and broadness. The second is the co-existence of the diversity and integration, especially the later. The third is the social policy has gone to a more important position than ever. And the fourth is the EU people have realized the importance of the integration of the social policy and paid much attention to it. However, the integration of the EU social policy has always been blocked. The barriers include the following five: 1) the differences of the social policies of the Member States which have experienced much different historic processes; 2) the imbalance of the economies through the member states, including the imbalance between the developed and the underdeveloped member states, the rich regions andthe poor regions within EU; 3) the differences of the social security systems among the member states; 4) the incite shortcomings of the function mechanism in EU, particularly the dominating theory of intergovernmentalism and its by-products -the unanimous principle and subsidiarity principle; and 5) other reasons such as the persist slowness of the EU economy, the reunion of the Germany, which forces the west to largely invest to the east. In summary EU social policy, after walking a long and very difficult way, has gained much achievements, but it still dose not develop to full, furthermore the easternward enlargement of EU will also makes the burden of the social policy integration more heavy. A complete integration of the social policy is very difficult to reach.更多还原