【作者】 谢建平；

【导师】 郑勤； 王玉德；

【作者基本信息】 华中师范大学 ， 历史文献学， 2002， 硕士

【摘要】 明代武举是武举发展史上的一个重要阶段，上承唐宋而下启清。在明代这样一个充满内忧外患的时代里，武举制逐渐走向完备和成熟，亦与社会发生了密切的联系。但是，明代武官的主要来源是武官世袭制，武举制始终不能取而代之成为明代占主要地位的武官选拔制度，而使其终究不能如明代文举那样发达。 本文在前人研究的基础上，将明代武举置于明代社会的大背景下进行考察，力图对明代武举有一个新的认识和定位。本文分为三章和前言、余论。 前言简要阐明了明代武举研究的意义、现状以及本文研究的角度和方法。 第一章论述明以前武举之嬗变、明代武举产生的社会背景以及明代武举的流变。明代武举既继承前代武举发展的有益经验，又适应了明代抗击南倭北虏，镇压农民起义、少数民族叛乱和兵变的需要。明代武举的发展经历了酝酿阶段、草创阶段、发展阶段和完备阶段，分为乡试、会试和殿试三级进行。考试时间、内容、取录方法、取录名额、中举后授官等都有了固定的形式。明代武举开始向规范化和定型化的方向发展。 第二章论述明代武举作为明代社会的产物，对明代社会发挥其相应的功能。其功能主要表现两个方面：明代武举与君主专制，明代武举与军事活动。明代武举与君主专制的关系主要体现在皇帝通过统一教育和考试内容的政策，统一思想，通过武举殿试，选拔天子门生，从而达到强化君权的目的；皇帝在宦权与阁权的斗争中加强对武举的控制，皇帝取得对武举的控制权以后，按照自己的意志随意干涉武举。明代武举与军事活动的关系主要体现在武举选拔雄杰勇力之士，将他们吸引到统治者的行列，防患于未然；明代武举确实选拔了一批优秀的军事将领，他们在抗击南倭北虏，镇压农民起义、少数民族叛乱和兵变中发挥不可忽视的作用，从而达到满足军事需要的目的；同时，有人提出用武举作为裁汰冗员的手段，缩减开支。 第三章论述明代武举与明代重文轻武之风、功名之风以及晚明经世意识的联系。明代武举是时代的产物，它不可避免地要受到社会风气的影响。明代社会的重文轻武之风使明代武举以及武举中举者为社会所轻视，导致武举应试者dX 硕士学位论文w NLASTER’S THESIS 素质的低下，由此而带来三个后果：第一，武举选拔的大部分是中下级军官， 下能胜任高级将领；第二，明代武举的附属地位和补充地位；第三，武举改革 不能顺利进行。明代社会的功名之风，使武举被作为获取功名的途径之一，吸 引文举落榜者和部分世袭武官参加武举，在客观上使武举地位有所上升。在面 临严重绞治危机的晚明社会，人们将武举作为“经世”的手段之一，对武举提 出了改革的要求。 余论论述与明代武举相关的一些问题。更多还原

【Abstract】 The Ming dynasty’s military examination system that inherited the Tang dynasty and Song dynasty military examination system was an important stage in the history of military examination system. During the period of domestic trouble and foreign invasion, the Ming dynasty’s military examination system that made for perfection and mature step by step had close relationship with the Ming dynasty society. However, most of the Ming dynasty’s military officers came from the hereditary system, therefore the military examination system couldn’t take the place of the hereditary system and become the major selective system of military officers. As a result, the Ming dynasty’s military examination system wasn’t as developed as the imperial examination system.Basing on the predecessor’s research and placing the Ming dynasty’s military examination system under the background of the Ming society, this thesis tries to give the Ming dynasty’s military examination system a new understanding and orientation. The thesis is divided into three parts: the preface, the main body( three chapters) and the additional part.The preface is to expound the present situation and significance of the Ming dynasty’s military examination system’s research as well as the method and point of view of this thesis.The first chapter is to discuss the evolution of the military examination system before the Ming dynasty, and the social background of the Ming dynasty examination system’s emergence and it’s development. The Ming dynasty examination system drew on the good experience of the previous ones and was used to the need of fighting the southern and northern enemies and suppressing the peasant uprising, the minority’s rebellion and the mutiny. It experienced a preliminary stage, an initial stage, a developing stage and a perfect stage. It had three levels: the provincial examination, the national examination and the emperor’s examination. The examination’s time, content, the method and number ofenrollment and the appointment after one being choosed had formed stable pattern, which in return made the military examination system stepped forward standardization and finalization.The second chapter is to discuss the Ming dynasty’s examination system’s function to the Ming society as an outcome of the Ming society. Its function had two sides: the Ming dynasty’s examination system and the autocratic monarchy; the Ming dynasty’s examination system and the military affairs. The relationship of the former was embodied by this: the emperor unified thought through the unified content of education and examination and elected the emperor’s students through the emperor’s examination. All that could help the emperor strengthen his power. The emperor strengthened his control of the Ming dynasty’s examination system by the struggle between the eunuch and cabinet, and after he controlled the Ming dynasty’s examination system, he interfered with it freely according to his will. The relationship of the latter was embodied by this: brave and strong people were elected as the rulers by the Ming dynasty’s examination system, which could take preventive measures; a number of excellent military officers were elected by the Ming dynasty’s examination system, and they have indispensable effect on fighting the southern and northern enemies and suppressing the peasant uprising, the minority’s rebellion and the mutiny. At the same time, someone thought that the Ming dynasty’s military examination could be used as a way of cutting down too much military officers and reducing expenditure.The third chapter is to discuss the relationship between the Ming dynasty military examination system and the social atmosphere of valuing civil above military, the atmosphere of fame, and the "Jingshi" idea in the late Ming dynasty. The Ming dynasty’s military examination system was an outcome of the Ming society, so it was affected unavoidably by social atmosphere. The atmosphere of valuing civil above military led to the fact that the Ming dynasty military examination system a更多还原