【作者】 曾艳梅；

【导师】 李其荣；

【作者基本信息】 华中师范大学 ， 世界史， 2002， 硕士

【摘要】 美国城市的发展不断经历着空间结构的巨大变革，其中以郊区的发展极为突出，“郊区已成为美国最典型的空间成就”。“美国是世界上第一个郊区化国家”，美国郊区的演变具有典型意义。20世纪20年代——70年代是美国郊区化急剧发展的重要时期，美国完成了由城市化国家向郊区化国家的转变，因此，本文选取这一时段的美国郊区化作为研究对象，并以现代化理论作为指导。 这一时段的郊区化进程可以以二战作为分水岭很明显地分为两个阶段：20世纪20年代——二战前和二战后——70年代。二战前的郊区化还只限于人口外迁，发展有限；二战后的郊区化较之战前更深入、更迅猛，除人口外迁外还出现了经济活动的外迁，政治重心也相应地驻足郊区。美国的郊区化走在世界各国之先，有其特征：它主要是一个从城市核心向外自然扩展的过程；郊区化过程中，社会阶层地域分异比较明显；还呈现出低密度蔓延和分散化的特征。 美国郊区化的发展是有其历史原因的。现代生产力的发展是美国郊区化的根本动力，其中技术力是最活跃的因素，采用流水线大批量地生产汽车和廉价郊区住房极大地促进了郊区化的发展。此外，还有三个相关因素。联邦政府实施有利于郊区发展的住房政策和公路法案，如房主贷款公司和联邦住房管理署的各项举措就促进了住房的郊区化；联邦政府资助修建的大量高速公路进一步刺激了城市向外蔓延和扩散。美国生产力的发展使其经济结构由以第二产业为主过渡到以第三产业为主，第三产业的特点使它适应郊区分散发展的形式，从而成为郊区化的有力杠杆。美国人的文化和心理取向也是推动郊区化发展的因素之一。美国人热爱田园生活，喜欢独居独处，讲究隐私和私人空间。实现郊区理想，寻求城市与农村生活优势的兼融是美国人200多年来一直追求的思想传统。总之，美国的郊区化是在现代生产力发展的前提下，在联邦政府的干预、经济结构的变化和美国人的文化和心理取向等相关因素的共同作用下，受现代化的推动而发展的。它与美国现代化的发展步调保持一致，是美国现代化的一个重要组成部分。 反过来，郊区化也对美国的现代化产生了种种积极效应和消极效应，积极 fleed’t硕士学住论文 w AIASTER’5 TI IESIS效应如使中产阶级队伍进一步扩大，有助于美国现代化历史使命的实现和完成；消极效应如一度导致中心城市的衰退、使种族隔离现象突出等，在一定程度上曾阻碍了美国现代化的发展。但总体而言，其积极效应是主要的、第一位的，消极效应则是次要的、第二位的，郊区化推动了美国的现代化向前发展。 美国的郊区化作为城市化的一个重要的、更高层次的发展阶段，符合城市化的聚集与扩散规律，同时还给其他国家的现代化和城市化建设以有益的启示和借鉴。更多还原

【Abstract】 The development of American cities has been experiencing the great changes of the urban spatial structure, among which the development of suburbs is eminent. "Suburbia has become the quintessential physical achievement of the United States." "The United States is the vvorld’s first suburban nation" and the evolution of American suburbs has tjpical significance. 1920s-1970s is the important development period of the suburbanization of the United States, during which America had finished the transformation from urban nation to suburban nation, so the thesis chooses the suburbanization of the United States (1920s?970s) as its research object and uses the theory of Modernization as its guidance.The suburbanization’s growth of the period can be clearlv divided into two stages vvith World WarII as their watershed: 1920s-World War II and World WarII?970s. The suburbanization before World War II was limited to population shift and had limited development, while the suburbanization after World WarIIwas deeper and faster than that before World War II. Besides population shift, there were economic movements spreading out and the political centers lying in the suburbs accordingly. The suburbanization of the United States was prior to the other countries in the world, vvhich had its own characteristics: it mainly was a process of natura! spread from the city 鎜re to the outer; during the process, it was very obvious that the social stratum differed according to region; besides, it also presented the characteristics of extension with low density and decentralization.The suburbanization of the United States had its own historical causes. The development of modern productive forces was the essential impetus of it, among vvhich the technology force was the most active factor. Mass production of cars and cheap suburban houses with the assembly line promoted the suburbanization’s grovvth. Besides, there were three other factors related to it. The federal government carried out the housing policy and highway act vvhich were beneficial to the suburbanization. The measures of HOLC and FHA also promoted it. The large quantity of highways subsidized by the federal government stimulated cities to spread out and diffuse further. The grovvth of American productive forces made its economic structure transform from the pattern of the secondary industry to that of the third estate. Thecharacteristics of the third estate made itself accustomed to the form of the diffusive development of the suburbs, so it became the powerful lever of the suburbanization. American culture and mental orientation also vvere one of the factors which promoted the suburbanization. The American people adore rural life, enjoy living in seclusion and value privacy and private space. Realizing the suburb ideal and seeking the combination of the advantages of the urban life and the rural life were the tradition which the American people had been pursuiting in their 200 years history. In short, the suburbanization of the United States was pushed forvvard by the modernization of the United States, with the premise of modem productive forces’ development, with the factors acting together, such as the federal government’s intervention, the economic structure’s change, the American culture and mental orientation, and so on. The suburbanization kept pa鑕 with the modernization of the United States and was an important component of it.Conversely, the suburbanization caused the modernization some positive effects as well as negative effects. The positive and negative effects are as follows: it enlarged the middle class, \vhich was helpful to the achievement and fulfillment of the historic mission of American modernization; but meanvvhile, it also caused the central cities’ recession and made the phenomenon of race segregation eminent, to some extent, it once impeded the development of the moderization of the United States. But ali in ali, the positive effects are primary and first, while the negative effects are subordinate and secondary. The suburbanization ha更多还原