【作者】 张子龙；

【导师】 李加纳；

【作者基本信息】 西南农业大学 ， 作物遗传育种， 2002， 硕士

【摘要】 相同遗传背景下，甘蓝型黄籽油菜的种子含油量普遍高于黑籽，而且黄籽油菜具有种皮薄、无色素、纤维素和多酚类物质含量低、油质清澈透明、蛋白质含量高等一系列优点，因此黄籽已成为甘蓝型油菜品质育种的主要目标之一。但黄籽色泽的遗传不稳定一直是困扰甘蓝型黄籽油菜育种的一大难题。大量研究表明，环境条件对作物品质的影响作用十分显著。因此系统研究环境对甘蓝型黄籽油菜粒色及其相关品质性状的影响就显得尤为重要。本试验通过地理位置、主要营养元素(N，P，K)、密度、播期、收获期、植物活性物质(植物生长调节剂、植物基因活化剂、增克素)、植物外源激素(乙烯利、赤霉素、萘乙酸)以及干燥方式等几个因素，创建了若干种环境条件，进而研究了单个环境因子及不同环境因子组合对甘蓝型黄籽油菜粒色及其相关品质性状的影响，同时对同一基因型在不同田间环境下主要品质性状间的相关性以及不同黄籽基因型在不同环境条件下黄籽度及其它相关品质性状的稳定性进行了探讨。主要研究结果如下： 通过研究地理位置对甘蓝型黄籽油菜粒色的影响，发现纬度与甘蓝型黄籽油菜粒色的变化有一定关系，随着纬度的升高，甘蓝型黄籽油菜黄籽度逐渐增加，粒色变淡，表明高纬度可能不利于种皮色素的形成。 正交旋转组合试验结果表明，高氮(300kg/ha)可提高甘蓝型黄籽油菜种子的黄籽度，但同时其种子含油量也随着下降，说明高氮同时抑制了色素和脂肪的合成；但氮素在131.25kg/ha以下，磷素在140.625kg/ha以下时，随施用量的增加，种子含油量有上升趋势，超过此限度，种子含油量则随施用量的增加而下降。氮(112.5kg/ha)、磷(140.625kg/ha)配施最高可提高种子含油量近8％。钾素对甘蓝型黄籽油菜种子含油量影响极小，但在磷肥水平较高时，种子含油量随施钾量的增加而增加。施氮可使多数甘蓝型黄籽油菜基因型的胚蛋白质含量增加，但有些基因型的胚蛋白质含量并不因施氮量的增加而上升，少数基因型的胚蛋白质含量甚至随施氮量的增加而降低。磷素对黄籽油菜胚蛋白质含量的影响较小，钾素对胚蛋白质含量有低水平抑制，高水平促进的作用。 研究发现，密度对黄籽油菜粒色、种子含油量的影响因基因型而异，高密度可使某些基因型黄籽度、种子含油量增加，也可使另一些基因型的黄籽度、种子含油量下降；密度对胚蛋白质含量有负效应，即随密度的加大，胚蛋白质含量有降低趋势。 播期试验表明，随着播期的推迟，甘蓝型黄籽油菜黄籽度先升高后降低，表明播期与黄籽油菜粒色变化关系密切。正常播期范围内，早播有利于提高种子含油量。随播期的推迟，甘蓝型黄籽油菜的胚蛋白质含量却呈上升趋势。通过收获期试验发现，黄籽度随收获期的推迟而逐渐降低，即收获得越早，种子颜色愈黄；但种子含油量却随收获期的推迟呈先上升后又略有下降的变化趋势，只有适时收获才能保证高种子含油量。收获期对甘蓝型黄籽油菜的胚蛋白质含量也有影响，随收获期的推迟，胚蛋白质含量呈先略有下降后又有上升的变化趋势。干燥方式研究表明，种子收获后高温烘干比自然风干可提高含油量近3％，但同时胚蛋白质含量有较大幅度下降。 化学调控研究表明，增克素、乙烯利、赤霉素、蔡乙酸等植物活性物质和外源激素可促进种皮中色素的合成，从而使甘蓝型黄籽油菜种皮颜色加深。植物活性物质和外源激素可不同程度地提高甘蓝型黄籽油菜种于含油量，以乙烯利效果最为显著。经适当的植物活性物质或外源激素处理后，甘蓝型黄籽油菜的胚蛋白质含量和胚含油量之间的负相关关系被打破，二者含量之和可显著提高。 同一基因型的甘蓝型黄籽油菜主要品质性状间的相关分析表明，黄籽度与胚含油量、种子含油量间呈明显的负相关关系（相关系数分别为卜0石617和＿0．74581。胚含油量与胚蛋白质含量、种子含油量之间仍保持着极其显著的负相关和正相关关系（相关系数分别为卜0．go刀““和po．89刀”’）。 利用AMMI模型对甘蓝型黄籽油菜8个基因型的三种主要品质性状进行了稳定性研究，结果表明，该模型可应用于非区试资料的稳定性分析，也可较好地应用于基因型与可预测田间环境之间的互作效应研究。同时还发现：品质差的基因型稳定性相对较好，而品质好的基因型稳定性相对较差，优质基因型只有在与其品质特性相适应的田间环境下，才能最大限度地发挥其品质潜力。更多还原

【Abstract】 Yellow-seeded rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is characterized with thinner seed coat and lower hull percentage, which in turn is correlated with higher oil, protein and lower crude fiber contents compared to black-seeded rapeseed from the same genetic background. The breeding of yellow-seeded rapeseed has become one of the main objectives in rapeseed breeding. However, it is hard for breeders to select effective lines due to the genetic instability of seed color in yellow-seeded rapeseed (Brassica napus L.).Many studies show that effects of environmental factors on crop quality are significant. So it is very important to study the effects of different environments on seed color and other related quality characters systematically.Some different environmental factors including the location, the major nutritious elements (N, P, K), planting density, sowing date, harvesting date, plant growth regulators, plant exogenous hormones and the techniques of drying were considered. The effects of the single environmental factor and the combinations of the various environmental factors on seed color and related quality characters in yellow-seeded rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) were studied. The correlation among the main quality characters of the same genotype and the stability of the seed color and other related quality characters of eight yellow rapeseed genotypes were also studied. The main results are as follows:The effect of the location on seed color of yellow-seeded rapeseed was studied in this paper. It was shown that the latitudes affected the seed color of yellow-seeded rapeseed significantly. The yellow-seeded degree of yellow-seeded rapeseed increased with rising of the latitude. It can be concluded that the pigments in seed coat were synthesized less in high latitude areas than in low latitude areas.The result of the quadratic regression orthogonal gyration combination design showed that high nitrogenous fertilizer level (300kg N /ha) increased the yellow-seeded degree and reduced the oil content of seed. It can be concluded that the synthesis of both the pigments and the fat had been affected by the nitrogenous fertilizer level. The oil content of seed increased with the applying of nitrogen and phosphorus when nitrogenous fertilizer was lower than 131.25kg N /ha and phosphate fertilizer was lower than 140.625kg P2Os /ha. If theyexceeded the limits, the oil content of seed would decrease with the applying of them. When nitrogenous fertilizer was in the level of 112.5kg N /ha and phosphate fertilizer was in the level of 140.625kg P2O5/ha, the oil content of seed could be increased nearly 8%. The effect of potassium on the oil content of seed in yellow-seeded rapeseed was little, but the oil content of seed increased with the applying of potash fertilizer when phosphate fertilizer was in high level. Although the protein content of embryo in most genotypes in the experiment increased with the applying of nitrogenous fertilizer, a few genotypes’ protein content of embryo decreased with the applying of nitrogenous fertilizer. The effect of phosphorus on the protein content of embryo in yellow-seeded rapeseed was tiny. The protein content of embryo was inhibited when potash fertilizer was in low level, but it was promoted when potash fertilizer was in high level.It can also be concluded that the effects of planting density on seed color and oil content of seed in yellow-seeded rapeseed was different among the genotypes. High planting density led to the increase of yellow-seeded degree and oil content of seed in some genotypes, but it led to the decrease of them in other genotypes. The effect of planting density on the protein content of embryo was negative. That is the protein content of embryo decreased with rising of the planting density.The experiment of sowing date showed that the sowing date affected the yellow-seeded degree significantly. The yellow-seeded degree of yellow-seeded rapeseed increased before it decreased with the postponement of sowing-date. Earlier sowing contributed to the im更多还原