【作者】 权小勇；

【导师】 周作明；

【作者基本信息】 广西师范大学 ， 中国近现代史， 2001， 硕士

【摘要】 联合国对可持续发展的定义是，既满足当前需要而又不削弱子孙后代满足其需要之能力的发展。可持续发展谋求自然、经济和社会的协调统一。它的根本涵义是在经济发展的同时，努力保持人与自然、人与人两大关系的协调、和谐和平衡。可持续发展的本质是生态平衡。 可持续发展与生态文化提示我们从人与自然的关系、人与人的关系两个方面出发去进行关于侗族生态文化的思考。广义的生态文化不仅探讨人与自然的关系，而且探讨人与人的关系。 侗族与自然的关系是侗族生态文化的基础。侗族与自然的关系可以从对自然的认识和对自然的实践两个方面去考察。与当前人类中心主义相反，侗族的自然观反映了敬畏自然的特点。敬畏自然的侗族在生产、生活中处处表现出顺应自然的特点。侗族十分注意起居地域与自然环境的和谐，注意水、树木、鸟的保护，注意房屋建筑、道路修造与环境的相融和谐。 人类要发展生产，必然要改造环境。改造环境是一种创造性活动，有创造就会有破坏。侗族中间存在着一种长期的模式，建立了相对稳定的人口与自然群落之间的平衡关系。他们有选择的进行渔猎，取之有度，用之以时，体现了他们对生态真理的认识，只有人类和动植物保持平衡，两者才能并存。侗家人在千百年的生产实践中积累了许多宝贵的经验，诸如稻田养鱼、田埂种豆、林粮兼作等等。这些经验模式的基本特点是因地制宜，地尽其利，做到对资源的循环利用。 侗寨选址有山脚河岸型、平坝田园型和半山隘口型三种类型，三者都有一个共同的规律，即依山傍水。依山傍水给侗家人的生产和生活带来极大的方便。这种选址原则充分体现了侗家人的生态智慧。 可持续发展的内容是探求社会发展的可持续性，它是对当今人口爆炸及以往传统发展观导致的人际关系紧张和社会道德恶化的反思。侗族社会在这方面给予我们有益的启示。侗家寨子很注意人口的生态意识。他们认识到只要能把人口的数量保持在与他们所拥有的土地、自然资源相协调的水平，自然就能养活他们。在社会道德方面，侗乡洋溢着和睦友爱的气氛，文明礼貌，善待他人，不贪图别人的钱财，助人为乐等等。侗家特有的“打标”之俗使我们感到侗族社会古道可风。侗族的道德属于利他主义行为，并且表现出重义轻利的特征。 侗家社会、自然的和谐，还有赖于一套管理机构的存在。岩规、侗款和寨老制在维护社会正义和生态平衡方面功不可没。 侗族传统的价值观，诸如重劳动轻商贾，重集体轻个人等都已深深的扎根于侗家人的心理思维中，成为侗家深层文化中的牢不可撼的一部分。侗族精神都具有生态意义。 重劳动轻商贾，虽然在现代社会看来是一种落后的价值认识。但是在环境保护、社会道德方面却有极大的正面作用。商品经济的反生态性表现在两个方面，一是商人为了追求商业利润，在拼命扩大生产的同时，必然导致对自然永无限制的索取；二是在自由经济制度下，急功近利的经济效益，抹杀了社会效益和生态效益，人类共有的空气、水等都有可能被企业用作换取个人利益的牺牲物。在道德方面，商品经济恨容易使整个社会出现拜金主义的面貌特征，不利于道德的正面建设。 重集体轻个人的价值观在体现了侗人的生态观念。侗族集体主义认为每个人都有对于最低限制的生活资料的不可剥夺的权利，这种价值取向使人们放弃了获取利润的企图，使侗人更看重族群与自然环境的平衡关系；同时集体主义培养了人们的团结精神。 侗族社会非常欣赏手工业，各行各业的手工匠人都受到侗族社会的尊重。手工业承担了侗家生产、生活中的大部分劳动。手工业的生态价值在与大机器工业的比较中体现出来。大机器工业的主产从基点上就是反生态的。马克思主义说机器工业“像侵略另一个民族那样侵略自然”。并且，“工人的产品越完善，工人越畸形……。” 侗乡素以歌舞海洋著称。在山上河边到处都能听到侗家人悦耳的歌声。侗家人好客，大部分的时间都在人情交往中度过。侗乡的节日丰富多彩，种类繁多。侗家人重视精神生活，希冀在精神生活中实现自我价值。侗家人的重精神轻物质的生活态度具有生态价值，在客观上使侗家人对自然处于无为状态，从而减少了对自然的破坏。侗人在人情来往和过节过年中增进了友谊，无疑有益于社会的和谐。 侗族生态文化形成并得以长期保持的原因是农耕文明。历史上，侗族是一个农耕文化高度发达的少数民族。农耕文明有两个作用，一是培养了农耕民族视自然如母的感情：二是塑造了农耕民族平和的性格和重视合作的精神。与农耕文明相适应的是自然经济。自然经济的本质特点决定了它的封闭性，自然经济给侗族提供了独立的生存条件。自然经济的独立性，自然也带来了侗族生活的封闭性。侗族生活的封闭性和居住地理位置相对封闭孤立，没有外力的作用很难打破。侗族精神牢固地扎根于侗家的深层文化中。侗族生态文化的形成很大程度上受到了汉族文化“天人合一”思想的影响。 论文对侗族的生态文化进行了评价。侗族生态文化是完整的，对侗族文明的持续发展起了支撑性的作用。在侗族的物质文化中?更多还原

【Abstract】 The definition to the sustainable development from the UN is the kind of development that not only meet the nowday want but also not weardown the ability in which the posterity meet their want.The sustainable development bring nature,society and ecnomy into line.Its essential implication is trying keeping harmony relations between humanity and nature as well as humanityself.Its essence is ecological balance.The SD and ecology culture prompt the study of the ecological culture of Dongzu from two aspect which is the relation between humanity and nature as well as humanityselfThe base of the ecological culture of Dongzu is the relation between Dongzu and nature.This relation could be inrestigated from two aspect:understanding of the nature and practice to the nature.Contrary to nowday humanity centerism,the nature idea of Dongzu respect the feature of worship piously to the nature.Dongzu pay attention to not only the harmony between homeland,road building and nature environment but also the protect to water,wood,birds,flower and so on.Remaking nature is indispensable action to creasing production.Remaking nature is a kind of creating action which inevitably bring destroy.Whilea kind of long梩erm pattern is existed in Dongzu society under which the nationality build the balance between people and the nature communityThe understanding of the nationality to the truth’ of ecology is respected from their action such as selected fishing and hunting,moderately expend.The humanity cannot coexist with living beings unless the humanity keep the balance between them and Hvingbeings.The Dongzu accumulated considerable experience from the practice of production which go through thousands of years.For example,fish in rice field,grow beans at the low bank of earth between field, intercropping .of forest and grain.The basic feature of these patterns is suiting meatures to local conditions.making incircles of the nature resource.Dong stockade have three type:at riverbank , at plain,at hillside.They all have one feature of relying at mountaion and river which give full expression to the ecological wisdom of Dongzu for this type can bring most convenience to life and product of Dongzu.This thesis inrestigate the society appearance.The SD is probing in the lasting of the society.lt introspect those consequence including population explosion as well as the strained relation between peoples and the degenerate of the social morality which attributed to traditional idea on development.The Dong stockade notice the population problem.They understand they should controll the quantity of population in maintioning the level that coincide with the nature resources they could possess in order to support their life.The Dong stockade is permeated with amity atmosphere.Civil virtues.dealing with others discreetly.not coveting others’ money.finding it a pleasure to help others and so on.The peculiar "da biao" custom feel us the old ways may be adopted and practiced.The morality is altruism that value justice above material gains.The harmony of Dong society is also attributed to the administer organs, "yangui" "dongkuan"and zhailao bring into great play to maintain the harmony between not only humanity and nature but also humanity interior.This thesis consider the traditional values of Dongzu such as attaching importance to labor and collective take root in their psychological thoughts.The four Dongzu spirit contain ecological significance.Even though be regarded as backward thought,laborism bring into great play function on protecting environment and society morality.The and-ecology of the commodity economy reflect at two respect.Firstiy,the pursuit to commodity profit result in infinitely asking for nature.Secondly, the unrestrained ecnomic sysem foster eager for quick success and instant benefit,which obliterate social benefit and ecological benefit.the public water and the air are dealed as sacrifice by the commodity. Furthermore, the commodity economic system foster money worship.Even though collectivism constrain更多还原