膜下滴灌作物最优灌溉模式及毛管布置方式的研究

【作者】 邵光成；

【导师】 蔡焕杰；

【作者基本信息】 西北农林科技大学 ， 农业水土工程， 2001， 硕士

【摘要】 膜下滴灌是先进的栽培措施与节水技术相结合的产物。本研究旨在探讨膜下滴灌的节水、高产机理，膜下滴灌的作物需水量、需水规律及调亏灌溉下的作物蒸腾量。2000年4-9月在新疆石河子121团炮台试验站的试验地上进行了系统的膜下滴灌实验。观测了各处理灌前、灌后的土壤水分、作物生长状况（株高、根长、叶面积、茎粗、花、蕾、铃、果枝数）、作物的冠层温度，挖剖面观测了灌水24小时后湿润体的大小等项目，并对各小区处理进行了最终测产。根据观测资料，分析了不同滴头流量下湿润体的大小及其变化规律，得出了加大滴头流量有利于加长湿润体水平距离与垂直距离，但降低了垂直距离与水平距离的比值。作物生长及产量与土壤的供水有着密切的关系，本文通过分析各处理计划湿润层内生育阶段的土壤含水率动态变化及其对作物生长及产量的影响，认为平稳的土壤含水率动态变化有利于作物的最终高产。棉花生育阶段的耗水量、耗水模数、日耗水强度是制定灌溉制度的重要依据。根据试验研究结果，棉花生育阶段的耗水量，苗期43.02-54.34mm；蕾期61.2-99.65mm；花铃前期108.34-135.45mm；花铃后期91.87-142.27mm；全生育期的耗水量变化幅度为304.79-426.44mm；日耗水强度苗期1.388-1.75mm/d；蕾期3.06-4.98mm/d；花铃前期5.09-6.67mm/d；花铃后期3.06-4.64mm/d。作物作为一个整体，器官间的协调关系对最终产量有较大的影响，研究表明：株高、叶面积与总生物量成二次抛物线关系，作物的根长与株高成较好的幂指数关系。干铃重随茎、叶、根重的增加而增加，但到一定程度后却随之下降。通过分析不同处理对作物生长及产量的影响，确定出最佳的灌水处理，在苗期正常灌水，蕾期、花铃前期、花铃后期分别较常规灌水周期延长1天、0.5天、1天有利于提高产量。另外在苗期较常规灌水周期延长2天，蕾期正常灌溉，花铃前期、花铃后期较常规灌水周期分别推后0.5天、1天，使最终的皮棉产量达到最高。本文还分析膜下滴灌产量及水分利用效率与全生育期耗水量（ET）的关系，结果表明，WUE的最高点对应ET为338mm,小于产量Y的最高点对应的400mm。在Jensen模型的基础上,应用动态规划方法分析优化了膜下滴灌棉花最优灌水模式。对膜下滴灌作物水分亏缺的诊断进行了研究，测定了不同水分下的覆膜滴灌棉花的作物水分胁迫指标CWSI及冠-气温差 Ta-Tc的日变化，并拟和了CWSI、Rn VPD、θ、Ta-Tc的多元线形回归关系。 膜下滴灌是一种节水、高产的栽培与灌溉方式，但由于其一次性投资及运行费用较高，大面积推广却有一定的难度。为了进一步降低投资，探索节水、高产的毛管布置方式，在试验区进行了140双管、110单管、140单管不同毛管布置方式的试验研究，从一定流量下湿润体的大小入手，分析了不同毛管布置方式的经济可行性，110单管、140单管膜下滴灌棉花阶段耗水量、日耗水量及单管不破膜的提墒作用，并对110单管、140单管内外行棉花的作物生长状况和最终的产量、品质进行分析比较研究。初步认为在砂壤土上110单管灌水390mm已经基本满足膜下滴灌棉花的生理需水，而且具有明显的增收优势。更多还原

【Abstract】 Drip irrigation under mulch is the combination of advanced agricultural culture measurement with water-saving technology.The study aims at researching water consumption regulationion and crop evaparation under regulated deficit and mechanism of water-saving and high -yield of crop of drip irrigation under mulch .The test about drip irrigation under mulch was carried out at 121Tuan Pao Tai soil- improving station of Xin Jiang in 4-9.2000. Soil water content before irrigation and after irrigation was observed by adopting the method of borrowing and drying during the test.The position of crop growth including vegetation height、root length、stem coarseness、number of flower and blossom and bolling、volumn of humid zone after irrigation twenty -four hours 、final product of different treatment were all observed simultaneously.According to the statistic and analyst of data measured, the regulation of humid zone under different drip flow is got,the horizontal and vertical length will augment with drip flow increasing,but the ratio to horizontal length and vertical length will decrease. The growth and product of crop are associated with soil water content The article analysises the dynamic variation of soil water in scheduling wetting zone of different treatment and the effect on crop growth and product .Generally,the flat curve of soil water content dynamic variation is benefical to crop final yield .As is known to us, quantity of water consumption and intensity of water consumption per day and moduse of water consumption are the important references to instituting irrigation schedule.Based on the result of test ,water consumption of cotton in different reproduce stage is 43.02-54.34mm during the period of seed ,61.2-99.65mm during the period of bloosm,108.34-135.45mm during the early period of flower and bolling,91.87-142.27mm during the late period of flower and bolling.Crop serve as a systemtic integration,the coordinate relationship among organs has great influence on crop yield,resarch show that the relationship between plant height or leaf area and the whole quantity of life is quadratic <WP=63>parabolic.what is more,the relationship between root length and plant height is power function.The weight of dry bolling increase with root weight increasing,but it will decrease as root weight reach some value.Optimistic irrgation style is arrived at by analysising different water treatment affect crop growth and yield,that is,normal irrigation is adopted during the period of seed, one day and half of day and one day individually are set back during the period of bossom and early period of flower and bolling and late period of flower and bolling,all this is helping to high-yield.Based on normal irrigation,two days are set back during the period of seed ,normal irrigation is adopted during the period of bloosm,half of day and one day are set back during the early period of flower and bolling and the late period of flower and bolling ,which make yield of the treatment reach the highest.Aftering analysising the relationship between yield of drip irrigation under mulch or water utilization efficiency(WUE) and water consumption quantity in the whole period measured,the ET corresponding to the highest point of WUE is 338mm,whereas that of yield is 400mm,Based on the modle of Jensen ,the optimistic irrigation style is got by adopting the method of dynamistic planning,the article researching the method of canopy temperature in diagnosising water deficit of crop ,moreover ,the CWSI and Ta - Tc variation per day of cotton of drip irrigation under mulch on the condition of different water treatment are measured ,multivariate linear regression relation among CWSI and Rn and VPD and soil water content and Ta - Tc is fit. Drip irrigation under mulch is a cultivation style and irrigation which is water-saving and high-yield ,but great difficulty is met during generalization in vast area ,because primary investment and fee of running are too high .In order to decrease investment ,the research of different arrangement of capi更多还原