渭北旱原地膜小麦肥水规律与技术决策研究

【作者】 任广鑫；

【导师】 杨改河；

【作者基本信息】 西北农林科技大学 ， 生态学， 2001， 硕士

【摘要】 论文题目：渭北旱原地膜小麦肥水规律与技术决策研究作者简介：任广鑫，男，1969年生，1998年从师于杨改河教授，于2001年毕业于生态学专业并获理学硕士学位。 渭北旱原是陕西省农业生产发展潜力最大的中产区，也是重要的畜产品、果品基地和能源化工基地。该区水资源缺乏，农业基础设施比较薄弱，产业化程度不高，农民人均收入较低。该区冬小麦常年种植面积占陕西省小麦总面积的1/3，由于水分限制使光温生产潜力降低了20%～40%，作为陕西省的“第二粮仓”，应在西部粮食区域平衡上起重要作用。 地膜覆盖在小麦全生育期的应用开创了丛生密植作物的先例，是粮食生产上一项突破性的增产技术。其大范围地应用于北方旱地小麦的生产上，取得了显著的经济效益和社会效益。其生产理论技术虽有了一定基础，但不同区域的适宜模式、配套栽培技术及肥水规律等问题的研究不够，对渭北旱原东部的研究就更少，为此开展地膜小麦研究，以期指导该区和生态类型相似区的地膜小麦的生产。 1. 通过对冬小麦8种不同栽培方式的研究，从经济学产量和产投比的角度分析，得出了地膜覆盖穴播和膜侧条播栽培方式，前者产量达2856.0kg/hm2，后者产量2638.5kg/hm2，增产幅度达78.0%和64.4%，产投比达1.78和1.90，比对照高出21.1%和29.3%。该区以采用膜侧条播的栽培方式为宜。 2. 通过对1999年地膜冬小麦复种玉米的一膜两用试验及后作小麦产量的影响研究，从玉米的经济学产量和主要农艺性状的分析，提出了适宜的一膜两用技术措施：一般降水年型地膜小麦复种玉米是可行的，对后作小麦产量影响小；以垄沟点播玉米比垄上点播玉米增产17.69%～17.92%，其株高、穗位高、穗粗、茎粗均有所增加。用肥力高拌种增产9.85%～10.07%，成熟期提前5～7天。3. 在地膜小麦试验中用5种叶面肥喷施，均表现为增产，其中农丰98效果最好，其次为KH2PO4，增产幅度分别为15.87%～17.92%和11.94%～13.92%，其余依次为麦丰乐、沼液、红苹果2号，增产幅度不足6%，同时提高了株高、成穗数、穗粒数和粒重。 4. 通过对播期、品种、密度和施肥方式三年研究得出：水地和半水地品种不适宜，以晋麦<WP=4>47为最好，其次为西农1043；其适播期较长，应该与露地同期或稍偏晚播种，播期最佳为9月25日~9月27日；以255万粒的播量最佳；等量的氮肥分施与否不影响产量。全生育期的耗水量为370.7~391.3mm，WUE达10.35~13.63kg/mm.hm2均高于露地条播，不同处理间的日均耗水量差异很小，但WUE差异较大，最大WUE农艺措施时产量也最高。 5. 通过对氮磷钾三元二次回归正交组合设计的三年试验研究，建立了不同降水年型的地膜小麦产量与氮磷钾肥的模型关系，对数学模型寻优得出了不同降水年型下的最佳施肥量。施肥量及比例直接影响群体和生物学重量，施肥也影响作物的WUE。 总之，对渭北旱原地膜小麦生产上存在的问题进行了广泛的研究，提出了该区地膜小麦栽培技术规范及技术决策，将儒略历引入文中，同时提出了适宜栽培方式、品种、播量、施肥量。但提出的适播期较长、对等量氮肥分施没有必要、叶面喷肥的种类、一膜两用的复种应在垄沟及不同降水年型下的氮磷钾肥的施肥模型尚未见有关报道。更多还原

【Abstract】 Weibei dryland is an area with middle agro-production, which has the largest productive potency in Shaanxi province. It is also a major base of animal production, fruit, energy resources and chemical industries. This area is characterized with the shortage of water resources, the feeble agricultural infrastructure, the low agricultural industrialization, and the low farmers’ average income. The ordinary winter wheat area takes about one third of Shaanxi province’s. Light and temperature potency of wheat is reduce by 20% to 40% because of limited water. As "the second grain store" of Shaanxi province, it should play an important role in grain balance in the West Region of China. Plastic film mulching has been firstly adopted in wheat in whole growing period as a kind of rosette and high-density crops, which bring a breakthrough at the food production. Such a cultivation technique is extensively used on dryland wheat production in the North of China and brought about significant economic and social benefit. Although the theoretical research and extension of the technology has a little basis, there are still a lot of subjects that should been studied, such as suitable cultivated forms, necessary cultivated technology system and law of fertilizer-water relation, especially in the east of Weibei dryland. Therefore, it is very important and urgent to conduct research on winter wheat with plastic film mulching so as to supervise wheat production in this area and other similar ecological regions. The major results are as follows: 1. In view of economic yield and the ratio of output/input, comparison of eight cultivating forms for winter wheat showed that the film mulching and bunch-seeding cultivation and the film mulching and double-sides strip-seeding are suitable for Weibei dryland. Among them, these two forms yield reaches up to 2856.0 kg/hm2 and 2638.5kg/hm2 respectively. Comparing with conventional cultivation, the percentage of increase gets to 78.0% and 64.4%. However, the ratio of O/I individually reach 1.78 and 1.90, which is 21.1% and 29.3% higher in comparison with the conventional cultivation. Therefore the film mulching and double-sides strip-seeding cultivation is most suitable for Weibei dryland. 2. Through the analysis of economic yield and main agronomic characters of crops in the experiment of film mulched wheat/corn multiple cropping and subsequent wheat, the technique method of film double use was put forward that it suitable for Weibei dryland: Wheat/corn is practicable in mean precipitation years, with a little influence to the yield of subsequent wheat; The yield of furrow dibble planting corn is increased by 17.69%～17.92% than the ridge planting. The plant height, height of ear position, ear perimeter and stem perimeter of the former are also increased. Mixing corn seeds with Feiligao before sowing could increase yield by 9.85%～10.07%, and the maturity date was 5～7 days earlier than usual.3.Five kinds of foliage spray were used on film mulched wheat(FMW) that could increase yield by some extent.Nongfeng98 is the best and KH2PO4 is the second. They increased yields by 15.87% to 17.92% and by 11.94% to 13.92% than the control respectively. The others are Maifengle, methane liquid, Hongpinguo No 2.Whose-increase rate was less than 6% compared with the control. All foliage spray can increase plant height, spike number, grain number per spike and grain weight.<WP=6>4.The three-year experiment of sowing date, varieties, planting density and fertilizer application methods on FMW showed: The varieties applying in irrigation field aren’t suitable for FMW in dryland. Jinmai47 is the best and Xinong1043 is the second; The appropriate sowing period of FMW is longer than the ordinary wheat and should been sowed at the same time or a little of later with the control. The optimum sowing date is from Sep. 25 to Sep. 27; the optimum sowing quantity is 2.55 million grains per hectare .It is insignificant in wheat yield whether divide nitrogen fertilizer or not. The amount of water consu更多还原