【作者】 孙厌舒；

【导师】 杨敏；

【作者基本信息】 山东师范大学 ， 英语语言文学， 2001， 硕士

【摘要】 本文吸收了萨丕尔-沃尔夫假说中语言视界与文化视界的相关性理论，同时强调了文化对语言的巨大影响力。沃尔夫在对印地安语的研究中，吸收了萨丕尔关于语言能动性的思想，发展出他的“语言决定论”和“语言相对论”的假说。沃尔夫认为：不同语言的形式形成不同言语社团的认知系统和意识背景，不同的系统和背景使各言语社团的观点呈现相对性。这一假说在人文科学研究中产生巨大反响。本文吸收了其正确的一面，即语言对言语社团的认知系统和意识背景的巨大影响力，同时强调了文化对语言的反作用。本文通过对美国当代政治，经济类语篇中典型隐喻的归类与分析，及对其中隐喻概念的总结研究，探讨了作为语言一部分的隐喻与美国当代政治，经济文化的相互作用。 全文共分四章。第一章介绍了隐喻的界定，以往的相关研究和本文的理论基础。长期以来，隐喻一直是语言学家的研究对象。然而由于隐喻本身的多义性和模糊性，不同的人对隐喻有不同的说法。本文认为隐喻是“一种意义的替换和延伸”（Ricocur，1978），并且是与语言学，认知学相关的跨学科现象。在此基础上，1980年出版的《我们赖以生存的隐喻》一书指出了隐喻背后所隐藏的隐喻概念及其对人们行为和思维的影响，但未多涉及隐喻概念和文化的关系。八十年代以来，国内对隐喻和文化的研究大多局限于对俗语的研究，语料范围窄且其中很多已为当代语言所摒弃。本文以当代美国主要出版物中出现的隐喻为语料，着眼于探讨隐喻和美国当代政治经济文化的相互作用。语料出处既包括轻松的大众刊物，也不乏严肃的学术出版物。另外本章对隐喻在各个方面的应用也作了简要介绍。 第二章分析了隐喻和美国当代政治文化的相互作用。第一部分论述了隐喻在当代美国政治文化中的作用。政治与隐喻紧密相连，美国政治更与隐喻有着千丝万缕的联系。首先隐喻在政治语篇和辩论中起着重要的作用：政治语篇中的隐喻有煽情的作用；将难以解释的事件具体化的作用；增强语言说服力的作用；共同的隐喻的使用还能增强美国这一言语社团的凝聚力。隐喻还起到了使人们参与政治以及帮助人们筛选信息的作用。此外，在海湾战争中，美国领导人成功地运用隐喻动员人们参与了战争。第二部分论述了隐喻所表现出的美国政治文化的新特点。本文利用例证归纳为：1．美国的政治隐喻普遍表现了人们对政客和政界的强烈讽刺。2．美国政治隐喻表现出一种“平民意识”。3．美国内部的政治斗争和二战后称霸世界的野心也在隐喻中有很多表现。 第三章分析了隐喻和美国当代经济文化的相互作用。首先探讨了隐口俞在经济领域的应用问题。长久以来，关于隐喻应用与自然科学的观点不一，美国语言学家麦克劳思基首先确定了隐喻在经济领域的地位。本文具体到当代美国这一叁语社团，通过大量例子总结出隐喻在芙囚经济文化中的作用：1．隐喻作为经济政策的代名词，使各种经济 7现象政策更通俗易懂，深入人心。2．隐喻激发了人们在科技领域的创造灵感。3．隐喻对经济发展也有负面作用。同时，当代美国文化在经济隐喻中也有体现。首先最明显的影响来自政治文化：很多隐喻源于政治领域，并且在政治影响下，有些隐喻逐渐改变了意义或增强了新的意义。其次由于二十世纪环保文化的影响，美国经济隐喻呈现出一种“有机体倾向”。再次，“平民意识”在经济隐喻中也有所表现。最后，科技的进步对经济隐喻也有影响。 第四章总结全文。这一部分在学术和应用两个方面总结了本文在文化和隐喻方面的主要研究成果。本论文丰富了语言和文化关系的研究，并从文化角度研究了隐喻概念，同时也为政治学，经济学的研究提供了一些资料。更多还原

【Abstract】 This thesis intends to explore the interaction between language andculture thIough a study on American po1itical and economic metaPhors,with Sapir-Whorf hypothesis and metaphorical concept theory as itstheoretical basis. By analyzing the linguistic data, the political andeconomic metaphors that appea-r in contemporary American majorpublications, this thesis illustrates the intrinsic interaction betweenmetaphors and contemporary American political and economic culture.Chapter one introduces the theoretical basis of the thesis. First of a1l,metaphors are defined and the previous study on metaphors is surveyed.Metaphors have long been the object of study of linguists. However, due toits y’agueness and ambiguity, metaphors have got different definitions andopinions around it. This paPer takes metaphor as "a displacement and anextension of the meaning of words’, (Ricocur, 1978), and views metaphor asa cross-subject phenomenon concerning both linguistics and cognitivescience. In l980, George Lakoft and Mark Johnson pointed out the deepstrLlcture lying beneath various metaphors, metaphorical concept, and itsinf1Llence on shaping human conceptual system, but they did not dwell onits cultural coherence. Chinese scholars in the first half of 1980’s began thecomparative study of Chinese and western cu1tural impact on metaphors,yet their linguistic data were mainly confined to proverbs and old sayings,which are on1y part of living languages and somewhat oatdated. This paPeremploys contemporary American live metaPhors as linguistic data,including metaPhors employed in academic works as well as in literaryworks, to explore the interaction between metaphors and their cuIturalcontexts. In the 20th century, B.L.Whorf was among the first to propose theinteraction between language and culture. Although SaPir-Whorfhypothesis aroused heated discussions among linguists about its validityand credibility, this thesis takes its right point, that language p1ays asignificant role in shaping the cognitive system and ideological backgroundin a speech community. Furthermore, the thesis also emphasizes thecOunteraction of cu1ture against language. In addition, this chaPter gives abrief introduction to the sources of linguistic data employed in the thesis.ChaPter tvvo deals with the interaction of metaphors and contemporaryAmerican political culture. The first part dwells on the functions ofmetaphors in contemporary American politics. Politics is inseparable withmetaphors, and American politics is particularly associated with metaphors.Metaphors play an important part in American political discourses anddebates f through the use of metaphors, a political discourse may easily stirpeople’s emotions; the routine political discourse consistently employsmetaphors to caPture an otherwise eIusive reality; shared metaPhorsconsolidate peop1e in the same speech community, metaPhors serve as apersuasive device in political discourses and debates. And Americanpolitical metaPhors are employed as a means to evoke people’s involvementin politics and help people filter information. Particularly, metaPhors playedan important role in mobi1izing people to go to the Gulf War. The secondpart explores the cultural traits in contemporary American politicalmetaphors. Political metaPhors are fundamentally con-nected with politicalideo1ogy, revealing to a great degree the psychological state and preferenceof the ordinary people on political issues as well as the aspirations andstruggles of the political world. In other words, the deep cultural structurehas immense influence on the creation of political metaphors. ThIoughana1ysis of some examples, this thesis sums up the fol1owing contemporaryAmerican cultural traits revealed in political metaphors. (l) politicalmetaphors display a strongly ironic tone against politicians and politicalworld. My study of metaphors that are used in contemporary Americanpublica更多还原