发展民营经济，促进西部大开发

【作者】 向强；

【导师】 马明宗；

【作者基本信息】 西南财经大学 ， 产业经济学， 2001， 硕士

【摘要】 西部经济长期落后于东部，影响了我国各族人民的共同富裕，使西部丰富的自然资源得不到有效利用，给东部乃至整个国民经济的持续发展带来了困难，也不利于增强民族团结和巩固边防。为了缩小东西部的发展差距，解决上述问题，国家适时作出了进行西部大开发的战略决策。以前国家也进行过西部开发，如“一五”时期建设西北和“三线建设”时期建设西南，但效果并不理想。因为这两次开发主要是政府行为，没按经济规律办事。现在随着我国市场经济体制的逐步建立，中央财政逐渐削弱，国家不可能直接对西部进行大规模的资金投入，用低效的政府行为再次进行西部大开发。因此本次西部大开发首先必须找出造成东西部经济发展差距的主要原因，然后采取相应的对策，这样才能收到良好的效果，使西部大开发的战略目标能够顺利实现。这是本文力图达到的目标。西部经济为什么落后于东部？目前较为流行的是按照新古典主义经济学来解释这一现象：即资本投入不足、技术落后和劳动力素质差。但这一解释有许多不能令人信服的地方——国家过去也曾对西部进行过大量投资，西部也有先进的技术和高素质的劳动力，但这些并没有显著改变西部经济的落后状况。如果用新制度经济学的观点来看，新古典主义经济学的观点只是表面原因，西部经济落后于东部的深层次原因是制度创新落后，即东部率先发展了民营经济这一排他性的、效率较高的产权形式。两者看法产生差距的原因在于，前者是建立在制度因素基本上处于相对稳定状态的基础之上的。但我国目前正处在市场化的进程中，制度是不会相对稳定的，因而制度变迁——改变所有制结构，发展民营经济的效应很明显。所以西部要缩小同东部的差距，实现西部大开发的战略目标，也应该象东部那样进行制度创新——改变所有制结构，大力发展民营经济。因为民营经济具有强烈的盈利冲动，机制灵活，无历史包袱，更注重按市场经济规律进行生产经营活动，更关心技术改造和创新，因<WP=3>而效率整体比国有经济高。东部率先发展了这一效率较高的经济组织，迅速降低了国民经济中整体低效的国有经济的比重，使东部经济比西部更有活力和竞争力。相反，西部民营经济发展滞后，低效的国有经济在整个国民经济中长期占据主导地位，这是西部经济落后的重要原因。 目前研究西部大开发的文章不少，但主要是从新古典主义经济学的角度去寻找西部落后于东部的原因，得出的结论是资本投入不足，技术落后，劳动力素质差，因而给出的对策也主要是给予优惠政策，增加财政投入，提高技术水平和劳动力素质。用新制度经济学的观点，从发展民营经济来促进西部大开发的角度进行研究的文章较为少见，现有的文章也主要是认为发展民营经济具有发展社会生产力、增加就业、增加财政收入和居民收入等作用，从而能够促进西部大开发。其给出的对策的力度也不够。本文从更高的角度来看，认为西部大力扶持民营经济发展的重要意义还表现在为西部大开发提供了新的思路，即从主要依靠外部援助转变为以激发内部活力为主；从追求优惠政策转变为主要依靠市场；从以政府行为为主转变为主要运用市场机制；从资源导向型转变为市场导向型；从主要从事资源开采业转变为一、二、三产业协调发展；从注重地区比较优势转变为培育企业竞争优势等。因此本文给出的对策措施力度很大，尤其是西部结合国有经济的退出发展民营经济一节中让民营企业托管经营国有企业，组建国有、民营过渡性合资企业的措施，更是其它文章很少提及的。本文的基本思路和逻辑结构是这样的：首先分析西部经济落后于东部的原因，得出系西部民营经济发展落后的结论，在此基础上分析发展民营经济对促进西部大开发的重要意义。其次分析西部民营经济发展面临的主要问题。最后给出西部大力扶持民营经济发展所应采取的措施。 本文共分三章。 第一章主要分析西部经济落后于东部的原因，以及发展民营经济 对促进西部大开发的重要意义。西部经济落后于东部的根本原因是制度创新上的落后——没有象东部那样率先发展民营经济这一效率较高<WP=4>的排他性产权形式，致使西部整个国民经济中效率低下的国有经济长期占统治地位，影响了西部经济同东部经济的竞争力。因此发展民营经济对促进西部大开发的重要意义，一是有利于调动民间资金参与西部大开发，克服西部大开发的资金瓶颈。二是有利于按市场机制进行西部大开发，克服西部市场经济体制和市场经济规则的建立和健全落后以及单纯依靠政府投资不能实现资源最优配置的弱点。三是有利于走依靠城市化的道路进行西部大开发，充分发挥城市作为经济中心的增长效应、聚集效应和扩散效应。四是有利于实现西部产业结构的调整和优化，克服西部现行农业型、重型化产业结构的缺陷。 第二章分析目前西部民营经济存在的问题。 包括内部问题和外部环境问题。西部民营经济所面临的内部问题有：资金不足和规模偏小；企业组织结构和治理结构不合理；技术层次低，人才缺乏；业主和员工的观念落后。外部环境问题有：西部观念落后，对商品经济未充分接受；存在比东部更严重的融资问题；西部民营经济面临的市场环境日益严峻；法制环境很差；对?更多还原

【Abstract】 Economy of the west that has developing slower than that of the east causes a series of disadvantages, for example, it obstructs all the people to become rich at the same time with the east, hampers natural resources to be made full use, hinders the national economic continuous development and impedes the strengthening of the relationship between all the nations and the boundary safety. In order to solve the above-mentioned problems, the central government put forward a strategic decision to develop the west.Thirty years ago the central government pointed out the same decision, but the result was not satisfactory, the reason of which was that it only depended on the governmental policy, which does not comply with the economic rules. With the market economic system’s being established and central finance’s increasingly weakening, it’s impossible for our central government to invest a large number of funds and repeat the history to develop the west. Therefore, at first, we should find out the real reason that the west lags behind the east, and then take the related measures, to achieve the west development, which is my goal that I am trying to get in the paper. What’s the real reason why the west lags far behind the east? The public opinion at present attributes it to insufficient capital input, backward technology and low quality of the labor power. But the opinion cannot explain the reason why the west hasn’t developed with large-scale investment, advanced technology and highly-qualified human resource. In new systematic economics’ points, the true reason is laggard system innovation, that is, the east set up private economy earlier, which is . The result will be obvious if the ownership structure is renewed and private economy is implemented in the market-orientation processing on the basis of present unstable systems. So in order to fill the gap between the west and the east, it’s necessary to change the ownership structure and develop private economy. With strong profitable stimulus, flexible systems, lower historical burdens, and emphasis on the technologic innovation, the efficiency of private economy is higher than that of state-owned economy.<WP=6>Nowadays many scholars have been searching for the reason from neoclassical economics’ point, and come to a conclusion that the reason is insufficient capital input, backward technology and low quality of labor power, so the measures are only limited within the favorable policy, central financial support, technologic innovation and quality of human resource. Of course, most scholars also believe private economy can stimulate the west to develop further, just because of its functions that it can enhance productivity, offer more employment posts and add the financial incomes. From a higher standing, in this paper I think private economy is crucial for the west to develop rapidly, just because of its new conception, in another word, it will cause outer assistance converting to the inner energy stimulation, favorable polices to marker rules, from resource-orientation to market-orientation and so on. The great difference with other papers is the measures to set up joint venture through stated-owned enterprises being run by private enterprises.The paper includes three parts.Chapter One mainly analyzes the reason that the west goes behind the east, and the effect of developing private economy on the west development. The basic reason is backward system innovation, so the state-owned economy has been dominated and hampers the competitive ability. Therefore, it’s important to develop private economy. Firstly, it can attract private capital to invest in the west; secondly, it can overcome the shortcomings caused by the backward market economic systems and rules, and resources’ unreasonable allocation; thirdly, it can develop the west through urbanizing and exerting growth-effect and cluster-effect and diffusion-effect of the city as the economic center; fourthly, it can achieve the adjustment and optimization of the western industrialization structure, and ove更多还原