幼儿遮挡绘画的表征策略及其影响因素探析

【作者】 高雪梅；

【导师】 李红；

【作者基本信息】 西南师范大学 ， 发展与教育心理学， 2001， 硕士

【摘要】 绘画是信号性功能的一种形式，是象征性游戏和心理表象之间的中介。儿童绘画心理学的研究始于19世纪，从很早研究者就注意到了儿童的绘画与其智力发展间的密切关系，编制了画人智力测验。国外关于儿童绘画心理学的研究是非常系统且深入的：从大框架的发展阶段、儿童绘画心理的投射研究，到今天对遮挡绘画认知机制的探讨，发展心理学家们在不断地挖掘儿童绘画中潜藏的认知能力，并且取得了很大的成就。 但是关于儿童绘画中出现的理智写实性绘画（知）和视觉写实性绘画（见）究竟何时发生，儿童绘画遮挡的表征策略有哪些，儿童视觉写实性绘画的影响因素及其作用，儿童的认知机制与其绘画的深层次关系等问题都还存在很多的争论。 本研究基于幼儿遮挡绘画中的“知”、“见”现象，以及存在很大争议的两个影响因素——注意策略和社会性游戏设计了2个实验，力图探讨幼儿绘画遮挡的表征策略主要有哪些；提示注意策略和设置社会性游戏在幼儿遮挡绘画中的作用如何等问题。 本研究以180名4—5岁幼儿为被试，采用2×2×3三因素分区重复测验，进行单个绘画测试。实验材料是水杯、陶瓷小猫和木板。在本研究条件下得到了以下结论： （1）幼儿遮挡绘画的表征策略主要有六种。垂直式和透明式是理智写实性绘画到视觉写实性绘画之间的过渡形式。幼儿遮挡绘画表征策略的发展不是以“全”或“无”的方式进行的，而是多种策略并存，并且在某一年龄段有优势表征策略。幼儿的表征策略反映了他们早期认知能力的发展。 （2）提示视觉注意策略和设置社会性游戏情境都提高了幼儿遮挡绘画的表征策略水平。 （3）部分遮挡、完全遮挡这两种遮挡方式的难易程度有很大的差异。幼儿绘画模型的完全遮挡较容易，而绘画部分遮挡则较难。 （4）年龄是影响儿童遮挡绘画表征水平的重要因素，还有实验材料、实验情境、外在提示等影响因素。 本研究提出的两个新理论——表征策略渐成说和遮挡图式格式塔渐成论是解释幼儿遮挡绘画认知发展的两个基本理论模型。更多还原

【Abstract】 Drawing is a form of signal functions and a medium between symbolic play and psychological presentations. Since the inauguration of children drawing psychology in the 19th century, researchers have been aware of the close relation between children drawing and their intelligence development and have designed draw-a-man test. Study on children drawing psychology outside china are tremendously profound and systematic: from the stage of development and the projection study on children drawing psychology to today discussion on the cognitive mechanism of occlusion drawing, developmental psychologists have achieved a lot in their persistent exploration into children cognitive potential in occlusion drawing. However, there are controversies as to when the intellectual realism drawing (knowing) and visual realism drawing ( seeing) in children drawing, what representation strategies are demonstrated in children occlusion drawing, the affecting factors and their functions, and the significant relationship between children cognitive mechanism and their drawing. Based on the phenomenon of knowing and seeing in children occlusion drawing and two highly controvertible factors, that is, attention strategy and social games, this study through two experiments seeks to analyse the representation strategies in children occlusion drawing and points out the functions of attention strategy and social games in children occlusion drawing. This study has examined 180 4 to 5-year-olds young children. The experimental materials are cup, porcelain cats, and wood boards. From this study, the following conclusion has been drawn: 1) There are mainly six representation strategies in children occlusion drawing, of which the vertical and transparent types are the transitional types from intellectual realism drawing to visual realism drawing. The development of the representation strategies in children occlusion drawing does not follow the ll-or-none?pattern. Instead, various strategies exist side by side with each other, moreover, at a certain age there exist some predominant ones. The representation strategies utilized by children in occlusion drawing demonstrate the development of children cognition. 2) Hinting about the visual attention strategy and creating social games context can improve the children visual realism drawing.3) Partial occlusion and complete occlusion differ greatly in terms of causingdifficulties to children. Complete occlusion presents less difficulties than partialocclusion.’) Age is an important factor that exerts a great innuence on children’srepresentation level of occlusion drawing. The other factors are the experimentalmaterials, the experiment context, and external prompting.更多还原