【作者】 章焰生；

【导师】 岳永德；

【作者基本信息】 安徽农业大学 ， 农业昆虫与害虫防治， 2001， 硕士

【摘要】 本文以鳞翅目害虫（棉铃虫、菜青虫、斜纹夜蛾）、蚜虫、储粮害虫（玉米象成虫）为试虫，以小麦赤霉病、番茄枯萎病、苹果轮纹病三种植物病原真菌为试菌，进行了中草药溶剂提取物的生物活性筛选，得出以下结果： 1.中草药H、M溶剂提取物对棉铃虫3龄幼虫有较强的拒食作用，48h拒食率分别达97.2％、85.3％，M的甲醇提取物较其它溶剂提取物对棉铃虫幼虫拒食效果好，对4龄棉铃虫幼虫的AFC₅₀为1.788g/L；中草药F粗提物对棉铃虫幼虫具明显的抑制生长发育作用，可将幼虫期延长5d左右，从中草药F中分离出的皂甙类物质对棉铃虫幼虫生长发育无显著的影响。 2.中草药A溶剂提取物对菜青虫具有极强的拒食作用和毒杀效果，A的丙酮提取物、50％乙腈提取物较其它溶剂提取物有较好的生物活性，它们对3龄菜青虫24h的AFC₅₀分别为0.525g/L、0.700g/L，对3龄菜青虫的LC₅₀分别为29.36mg/L、53.34mg/L；乙醚粗提物对3龄菜青虫的AFC₅₀为0.973g/L，LC₅₀为116.68mg/L。 3.中草药A中分离出的不同部分对菜青虫的生物测定结果表明，活性成分集中于其中的馏份4、馏份5中，它们对3龄菜青虫24h的AFC₅₀分别为0.574g/L、1.82g/L，LC₅₀分别为19.42mg/L、31.91mg/L。 4.中草药H、A溶剂提取物对斜纹夜蛾3龄幼虫具有很好的拒食作用，24h拒食率分别达96.45％、85.51％，24h时它们对斜纹夜蛾4龄幼虫的AFC₅₀分别为0.464g/L、1.478g/L。 5.中草药H、C、F、J溶剂提取物对玉米象成虫有较强的驱避作用，平均驱避率均达80％以上，且驱避效果稳定，中草药M对玉米象成虫的驱避效果很不稳定，48h驱避率仅51.3％，而72h时却高达95.7％；中草药H、M对玉米象种群形成抑制有较好的作用，其中M对玉米象种群形成抑制率高达79.8％。 6．中草药C、E溶剂提取物对菜蚜有较好的拒食作用，4Sh对菜蚜的拒食率分别达79．1％、84．6％。中草药日、P对菜蚜的触杀效果也比较明显，72h校正死亡率分别达68．0％、84．0％，P提取物在sh后校正死亡率就达60％以上。 7．中草药A、E等溶剂提取物表现出较强的抗菌活性，72h 对小麦赤霉病的菌丝抑制率均在80cy0以上，对番茄枯萎病的菌丝抑制率维持在70％以上。相同浓度下，各提取物对苹果轮纹病的抑制效果较弱，仅E提取物菌丝抑制率仍维持在80％以上。A的丙酮提取物、50％乙腊提取物表现出较强的抗菌活性，第 Zd， 在 3g／二 情况下，对小麦赤霉病的菌丝抑制率均达100％，其次为氯仿提取物、乙醚提取物对小麦赤霉病的菌丝抑制率分别达95．3％、90．6％，96h A的丙酮提取物、50％乙脂提取物对小麦赤霉病的IC。。分别为0·2259／L、0．1639／L，48h它们 对番茄枯萎病的菌丝抑亲率分另达SS．6％、78．7％，第6天时，对番枯萎病的ICs。分别为0．1669／L、0．3fig几。 ． 8．中草药F溶剂提取物影响了棉铃虫体内消化酶、猿酸酯酶活性，第3d时，梭酸酯酶明显被激活，比活力为对照组的3．45倍，而蛋白酶、淀粉酶均受到抑制作用，第sd 时，浚酸酯酶、蛋白酶均恢复接近于对照组水平，比活力分别为对照组水平的0．932、0．868倍，而淀粉酶明显受到激活，比活力为对照的3．56倍，第7d时，搂酸酯酶、蛋白酶均有不同程度的激活作用，而淀粉酶明显处于被抑制状态。 9．从中草药A 中分离出的不同部分进行杀虫与抗菌活性生测表明，活性成分集中于馏份4、馏份5，而其它的3种馏份、色素以及水革取物并无多大的活性。馏份 4、馏份 5对小麦赤霉病的 IC。。分别为0．0489／L、0．11989儿，从A中分离出的挥发油对二种植物病原真菌无显著的抑制作用。 10．HPLC 分析表明，馏份4、馏份5 较其它流分可能含有较，多的香豆素类物质，推测丙酮提取物、50％乙睛提取物较其它溶剂提取物含较多的香豆素类物质。馏份4、馏份5 HPTLC分析表明， n 以甲苯与乙酸乙酯（V；／V二9：l）作展开剂较好。馏份 4主含三种物 质，馏份5与馏份4含有二种Rf值相近的物质。更多还原

【Abstract】 In this paper, laboratory studies were conducted to screen the insecticidal activity of oragnic solvents extracts from various Chinese medicinal herbs on several insect pests, which included Helicoverpa armigera, pieris rapae L. and prodenia litura, the aphids, Sitophilus zeamais mutschulsky and the antifungal activity on the three plant pathogen (fusarium graminearum schw, fusarium oxysporium and physalospora piricola nose).The main results were summarized as following.l.The extracts from Chinese herb H and M were founded to show fairly strong antifeedant activities against the 3th-instar larvae of Helicoverpa armigera .After 48 hours , the antifeedant rate of 97.2% and 85.3% were achieved with the treatment of them. Compared with other organic solvent extracts ,the methanol extracts from M showed better antifeedant activity against the 4th-instar larvae of Helicoverpa armigera with the AFC50 value of 1.788g/L after 24 hours .The growth of the larvae of Helicoverpa armigera were inhibited by the extracts from F ,which postponed the larvae stage of Helicoverpa armigera by about five days .The genin derive from F was shown to have little effect on the growth of the larvae of Helicoverpa armigera.2.The extracts from A were found to have strong antifeedant and poisonous activities against pieris rapae L.The acetone and 50%acetonitrile extracts were shown to exhibit better bioactivities than other organic solvent extracts .For the 3th-instar of pieris rapae L, their AFC50 values were 0.525g/L, 0.700g/L respectively and the LC50 values reached 29.36mg/L and 53.34mg/Lafter 24 hours .The AFC50 and LC50 values of the crude diethyl ether extract from A were 0.973g/L,116.68mg/L respectively .3.The 4th-effluent, 5th- effluent were separated from A on a normal-phase silica column,in which activity substance existed . For the 3th-instar larvae of pieris rapae L., the AFC50 values of these two effluents were 0.574g/L,1.82g/L and the LC50 value were 19.42mg/L,31.91mg/L after 24 hours respectively .4. The extracts from H and A were found to exhibit strong antifeedant effects on the 3th-instar larvae of prodenia litura The antifeedant rates of 96.45% and 85.51% were observed respectively after 24 hours of treatment .For the 4th-instar larvae of ,their AFC50 values were 0.464g/L, 1.478g/L respectively.5.The repellent activities of the extracts from H,C,F,J were evaluated against Sitophilus zeamais adults with average repellency rates being above 80%.Whatsmore ,their repellency effects were very stable. Significant reduction in growth rate of S.zeamais adults were founded with the treatment of the extracts from H and M and the growth inhibitory effect of extract from M reached 79.8%.The extract from M demonstrated fluctuated repellency to the S.zeamais adults with the repellency rate being just 51.3% after 2 days and reaching 95.7% after 3 days.6.The extracts from C and E were found to have strong antifeedanteffects on the aphids .The antifeedant rates were 79.1%,84.6% after 48 hours .The extracts from E and P exhibited good contact toxicity to the aphids .After 72 hours , their rectified moralities were 68.0%, 84.0% respectively . The rectified morality rate of extract from P to the aphids was above 60% after 8 hours .7.The strong antifungal activities of the extracts from A and E were observed .After 72 hours , their inhibitory rates of above 80% to Fusarium graminearum Schw. and 70% to fusariam oxysporium were reported in this study .At the same concentration ,all the extracts were tested to show little effects on physalospora piricola nose except that the inhibitory rate of E to it was up to 80%.The acetone and 50% acetonitrile extracts of A were demonstrated to have stronger antifungal activities than other organic solvent extracts of A. At the concentration of 3g/L, the inhibitory rates of the acetone and 50% acetonitrile extracts to Fusarium graminearum Schw. were 100% after 48 hours ,these of the chloroform and diethyl ether extracts were 95.3%,90.6% respectively. After 96更多还原