【作者】 程东娟；

【导师】 刘树庆； 王殿武；

【作者基本信息】 河北农业大学 ， 土壤学， 2001， 硕士

【摘要】 冀西北坝上高原干旱、低温、肥力低，严重限制了农业持续发展。本文针对该区存在的寒、旱、砂、缺氮少磷等状况，结合当地生产实际，采取不同农业措施，通过田间有机无机肥料长期定位培肥试验、根际模拟试验和马铃薯聚垄集肥覆膜试验，研究了旱地栗钙土土壤酶活性和肥力因素的动态变化及其之间的关系。结果表明： 有机与无机肥料配施可显著提高春小麦产量，其效果好于单施化肥和有机肥。有机与无机肥料配施可明显提高土壤的速氮、速磷、有机质、全氮和全磷含量，其土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性均高于单施化肥和有机肥。除苗期和收获期外，有机与无机肥料配施处理土壤日均温度高于单施化肥和对照。各处理随施肥量增加，其土壤含水量逐渐减小。经相关分析表明，春小麦产量与三种土壤酶活性、土壤全氮和速氮与土壤脲酶活性、土壤全磷和速磷与土壤碱性磷酸酶、有机质与土壤过氧化氢酶活性均达到显著或极显著相关关系。 根际模拟试验中，施肥处理产量均高于对照。灌浆期以前，根际土壤速磷含量大于非根际土壤，灌浆期、收获期则相反。在作物生长旺盛的拔节期、抽穗期、灌浆期，根际土壤脲酶活性大于非根际土壤。在整个生育期，根际土壤碱性磷酸酶活性大于非根际土壤。除M₂₂₅₀₀和M₂₂₅₀₀N₆₀P₄₅处理在拔节期和抽穗期根际土壤过氧化氢酶活性小于非根际土壤外，其它生育时期为根际土壤过氧化氢酶活性大于非根际土壤。经相关分析，土壤速氮含量与土壤脲酶活性、土壤速磷含量与土壤碱性磷酸酶活性、土壤有机质含量与土壤过氧化氢酶活性存在显著相关关系。 马铃薯聚垄集肥覆膜试验中，覆膜和施肥提高了马铃薯产量。无论覆膜与否，在整个生育期，施肥处理的土壤速氮、速磷、速钾、全氮、全磷和有机质均大于不施肥处理，且有机无机肥料配施处理明显高于单施化肥处理。平种、起垄、起垄化肥和起垄双肥处理覆膜的土壤速氮、速磷和速钾含量与不覆膜有明显差异。5月份和收获期，覆膜处理表现出增温，其它月份则相反。6月份覆膜表现出保墒效应，其它月份则相反。无论覆膜与否，有机与无机肥料配施处理土壤脲酶活性和过氧化氢酶活性大于单施化肥处理和不施肥处理，而其碱性磷酸酶活性则小于单施化肥处理和不施肥处理。覆膜后土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性降低。经相关分析，马铃薯产量与三种土壤酶活性均显著相关。土壤养分和土壤酶活性呈显著或极显著相关关系。 试验初步证明，在冀西北高原上，有机无机肥料配施和聚垄集肥覆膜不仅改善了该区土壤的理化性质及NI养分供应状况，而且对土壤酶活性产生重要影响，增强了土壤抗逆性，使春小麦、马铃薯产量提高。因此，这些措施对提高栗钙土肥力，促进该区农业持续稳定发展均具有重要意义和实际应用价值。更多还原

【Abstract】 The chestnut soil which is the main kind of soil is distributed in the Bashang plateau of northwest Hebei .The problem in agriculture is serious, so the grain self-sufficiency is important to economy and society development. Under existing heat and rain conditions, it is most vital to improve soil fertility so as to solve water and soil nutrition stress and grain yield. The paper studies the dynamical changes of factors of soil fertility and soil enzyme activities and the relationship between them under different farming measures through long-term experiment improving soil fertility, rhizosphere simulating experiment and potato mulching film experiment. The result shows: In the long-term experiment, using organic and inorganic fertilizers increases the yield of wheat, its effect is superior to sole chemical or organic fertilizers. Contrast to CK, N60P45. M22500. M22500N60P45. M22500N120P90 increase production by 65.7%. 43.0%. 79.0%. 91.5% respectively. Using organic and inorganic fertilizer improves the amount of available nutrient (N and P) and total nutrient (N. P. and C). The activities of urease alkaline phospatase . catalase of treatments using organic and inorganic fertilizers is more than using sole chemical or organic fertilizer. Soil temperature of treatment with organic and inorganic fertilizer is more than treatments with sloe chemical or organic fertilizer expect for seeding stages and harvest time. Soil moisture decreases with the amount of fertilizers. Through correlation analysis, the remarkable relationship exists between following the yield of wheat and three kind of enzyme activities ,total N. available N and urease activity, total P. available P and alkaline phospatase, organic C and catalase. In the rhizosphere simulating experiment, the result shows: all yield of fertilizer treatments is more than CK. Contrast to CK, N60P45. M22500. M22500N60P45 increase production by 9.0%. 62.6%. 64.6% respectively. Available N amount in the rhizosphere is more than in the nonrhizosphere expect for the milk stage. Available P in the rhizosphere is more than in nonrhizosphere before the milk stage and it is on the contrary after the milk stage. The urease activity in the rhizosphere is more than in the nonrhizosphere in joint stage, heading stage and milk stage. The phosphatase enzyme activity in the rhizosphere is more than in the nonrhizosphere during the whole growing period. The catalase enzyme activity in rhizosphere is more than in the nonrhizosphere during the whole growing period. Catalase enzyme activity of M22500. M22500N60P45 in the rhizosphere is more than in the nonrhizosphere in jointing stage and heading stage, while it is on the contrary in other stages. Through correlation analysis, the remarkable available relationship exists between the yield of potato and activities and between available N , available and urea enzyme , phosphatase enzyme activity. The result of potato mulching film experiment shows: mulching film plays a much role on improving yield of potato. The yield with film of flat cultivation ridging. ridging with chemical fertilizer ridging with chemical and organic fertilizers is more than the yield without film by 16.34%. 5.36%. 51.37% and 13.60% respectively. During the whole growing period , the amount of available N. P. K of all fertilizers treatments is more than the amount of N. P. K of treatments without fertilizer. Especially ,the amount of those of treatment using organic and inorganic fertilizer is the most in all tr更多还原