【作者】 薛玉凤；

【导师】 翟士钊；

【作者基本信息】 河南大学 ， 英语语言文学， 2001， 硕士

【摘要】 战争小说是美国文学的重要组成部分。美国最早的小说家库柏的《间谍》是美国第一部蜚声世界的小说，也是美国文学史上第一部战争小说。麦尔维尔、克莱恩、海明威以及其他许多战争小说作家极大地丰富和发展了这个领域。然而，美国战争小说的真正成熟和繁荣出现在二战后。二战小说不仅在数量上大大地超过了其它战争小说，而且在其它许多方面也遥遥领先。 首先，二战小说的主题丰富多样。尽管有一部分小说继承了美国战争小说的反战传统，但是也有一些作家接受了战争的现实，力求客观地再现战争，不再把抗议作为他们作品的主题；还有许多二战小说不仅仅是战争小说，而且是美国社会的缩影。最后一类二战小说成就最突出，它们是二战小说的主要特色，同时也是美国战争小说的最高峰。在这类小说中，黑色幽默的代表作《第二十二条军规》是最有代表性的一部。海勒以二战为背景，描写了战争的残酷和混乱，但是他的真正目的不是要写一部反战小说而是要再现美国当时混乱不堪的社会现状，他对美国五六十年代社会的各个方面进行了无情的批判和揭露。 以《第二十二条军规》为代表的二战小说不仅在主题上，而且在人物塑造上，极大地丰富和发展了美国战争小说。总的来说，它们继 承了以前战争小说中的反英松人物形象。但是以约材连为代表的二战 小说的人物既不是传统意义上的英雄，也不是传统意义上的反英雄， 他们是作家苦心塑造的存在主义意义上的英雄。二战小说特别是黑色 幽默小说的作家深受存在主义哲学的影响。在他们看来，世界是荒诞 的，人生毫无意义。对付这种荒诞性和无意义的唯一出路是采取行动。 在海勒眼中，约瑟连就是这样一个存在主义式的英雄。 尽管二战小说在上述两方面都取得了重大突破，然而，它对文学 的最大贡献却在于其形式与内容的和谐统一。《第二十二条军规》之 所以被公认为荒诞文学的杰作之一，不仅因为其中许多荒诞不经的故 事，更因为其荒诞不经的文体风格，比如其混乱不堪的叙事结构、颠 倒扭曲的叙事逻辑以及荒诞离奇的语言风格。小说一经发表，便被许 多评论家抨击为情节混乱、文体重复，富有戏剧性的是，这些所谓的 缺点反而被其他一些评论家大加赞赏。实际上，以“乱”对“乱”是 《第二十二条军规》的典型特征。海勒正是用一种混乱的文体形式来 表达美国社会的腐败混乱，以及人生存的举步维艰。二战小说的夹出 成就，一方面丰富和发展了美国战争小说，另一方面也对后来的战争 文学特别是越战小说影响极大。越战中，士兵几乎人手一册《第二十 二条军规凡 可见其影响之大。可惜的是，越战小说在各方面都没有 赶上二战小说的成就。 IV一 以论文在简斐回顾美囚战争小说历史的基础＿卜，市点研究二战小 说的特色及成就，特别是暇一十一条军规入 因为就笔者看来，二 战小说标志着美凶战争小说的）人 卜 而《第二十二条军规》是二战小 说中最成功的一部。论文由六部分组成。序言部分对战争文学作厂闹 单介绍。第一章简略地回顾了美囚战争小说的历史，从而得出结论， 其繁荣出现在二战后。第二章分忻了二战小说中丰富多彩的主题。织 三章集中在二战小说作家对英掀坯个概念的重塑上。第四章探索了一 战小说的文体特征，指出文体与内容的完美结合是二战小说的突出成 就之一。最后一章简单地分祈了二战小说对越战小说的影响。更多还原

【Abstract】 War novel is a very important part of American literature It starts with Cooper’s The Spy, which was also the first novel in American literature to gain world fame Melville, Crane, as well as Hemingway and other WWI novelists greatly developed war novel writing However, the flourishing and the maturity of American war novel did not come until after the Second World War American WWIJ novel not only outgrows the previous ones in number, but also in many other aspects First of all, the themes of WWIJ novel are much more diversified Of course, many of them follow the antiwai tradition with a purpose of criticizing war, but still many writers take the war for granted, and describe war objectively, with no clear purpose of protesting, still many others are using war as a microcosm of the society The third type of WWII novel is the most outstanding. They signify the height of American war novel so far Within this group of novels, Catch-22, the masterpiece of Black Humor literature, is the most successful It takes the war as the background, and describes the cruelty and the chaos of the war as well, but Heller’s aim is mainly on the present power morality of the society He makes thrusts into almost every respect of the American society in the 1950s and 1960s Catch-22 and many other WWII novels enrich and develop American war novel not only in themes, but also in characterization They follow the antihero tradition in general, but Yossarian and many other characters in WWH novels are not only antiheroes, but also heroes in their creators’ ＼11一mind Black Humor wr1ters took Exlstentlallsm as thelr baslc phllosophyIn thelr eyes, the world ls absurd, and llfe 1s mean1ngless, but man ls free ofcholce In order to overcome the absurdlty and meanlnglessness, peopleshould be brave enough to take actlon Yossarlan ls such a hero accordlngto HellerNevertheless, the greater achlevement of Catch--22 lles ln lts pecullarfOrm to sult lts pecullar contents lt ls regarded as one of the best exampleof the "absurd" llterature, not only because of lts absurd stor1es, butbecause lts absurd styl1stlc tbatures, such as 1ts absurd structure, lts absurd1oglc and 1ts absurd language From the day of lt5 appearance, Catch-22 hasbeen crltlclzed by many crltlcs as "chaotlc" ln plot and "repetltlve" ln styleDramatlcally, these "shortcomlngs" are strongly advocated by others Infact, lt ls the result of Heller’s effort to use the proper form to express theproper contentWWII novel, wlth its d1stlngulshed achlevements, greatly enrlchAmerlcan war novel on the one hand, and on the other hand, lt has a far-reach1ng effect on the Vletnam War novel In effect, Catch-22 was sopopular durlng the Vletnam War that almost every soIdler had a copy of ltln hand However, lt ls a plty that the Vletnam War novel has neversurpassed the achlevements of WwiI novelThls thesls anempts to make a brlef comprehenslve study onAmerlcan war novel ln general, and a speclfic study on WWII novel,especlally Catch--22, for accordlng to the author of thls papef, WWIl novel＼11slgnlfies the maturlty of Amerlcan war novel, Catch-22 belng lts mosttyplcal example form all aspectsThe thesls ls composed of slx parts The preface glves a brleflntroductlon to war llteratuI e Chapter I makes a retrospect of the hlstory ofAmerlcan war nove1 and comes to the concluslon that the flourlshlng of^.lllellcdll war novel co111es aftel the Second World War Chaptel IIexplores the varlous themes of WWII novel Chapter llI makes a study onthe new concept of heroes accordlng to WWII novellsts Chapter IV makesan attempt to do some resealch on the styllstlc features, and reaches theconcluslon that WWII novels are the best examples of t更多还原